@article {22599, title = {Bats and moths contribute to the reproductive success of the columnar cactus Pilosocereus leucocephalus}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {174}, year = {2022}, month = {07/2022}, pages = {103990}, chapter = {103990}, abstract = {

\"The pollination systems of columnar cacti in the dry tropics are often thought to be highly specialized to bats. This specialization is generally inferred when flowers that are only exposed to the activity of nocturnal visitors set fruit and seed. Although moths are also common visitors to the flowers of columnar cacti at night, it is generally thought that their contribution to the reproductive success of this cactus is negligible. Using selective exclusions, we assessed the contribution of bats and moths to the reproductive success in a population of Pilosocereus leucocephalus in central Mexico. Fruit set was 100\% for bat-pollinated flowers and 34\% in moth-pollinated flowers. Seed number per fruit was 1473 in bat-pollinated and 836 in moth pollinated flowers. Our results clearly show that in addition to bats, moths are effective pollinators of Pilosocereus leucocephalus in the study area. Therefore, bats are the main pollinators of P. leucocephalus, and moths are the secondary pollinators.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BATS, CACTACEAE, ISOGNATHUS, MEXICO, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, PSEUDOSPHINX, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.06.001}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.06.001}, author = {Miranda-J{\'a}come, A. and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Garc{\'\i}a, R. and Mungu{\'\i}a-Rosas, M.A.} } @article {22534, title = {Darwin{\textquoteright}s Hawkmoth (Xanthopan praedicta) responds to bat ultrasound at sonar-jamming rates}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {54}, year = {2022}, month = {571-575}, pages = {1-5}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

\"This paper reveals that Xanthopan praedicta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is part of the bat\–moth coevolutionary dynamic. I played recordings of bat echolocation to live X. praedicta and found that males respond with such dense ultrasound they can likely jam bat sonar. Female X. praedicta and two other sphingid species do not produce ultrasonic responses.\"

}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, AGRIUS, BATS, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, JAMMING, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, ULTRASONICS, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.1111/btp.13093}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13093}, author = {Rubin, J.J.} } @article {22533, title = {Changing the main course: strong bat visitation to the ornithophilous mistletoe Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae) in a Neotropical savanna}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {54}, year = {2022}, pages = {478-489}, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

\"The Neotropical genus Psittacanthus comprises mostly specialized ornithophilous mistletoes, with rare exceptions. Psittacanthus robustus is a common ornithophilous species from the South American savannas whose bright yellow flowers secrete copious diluted nectar. Due to a three-day-long anthesis and a short, non-restrictive floral tube, we suggest that the species also serves as a resource for flower-visiting bats. In a Cerrado area in central Brazil, we investigated the usage of the species by bats through systematic bat captures for pollen sampling, its nocturnal nectar secretion dynamics, mating system, and the relative dependence on diurnal and nocturnal pollinators for reproduction. Nine phyllostomid bat species visited P. robustus. Up to 50\% of pollen samples from bats contained the species during peak flowering, equating or surpassing the prevalence of chiropterophilous species and representing roughly a third of the floral resources consumed by specialized nectarivores Glossophaga soricina and Anoura caudifer. Flowers actively produced nectar at night with volume and concentration values in the ideal ranges for bat consumption. Nectar is continuously secreted after sunset and accumulates in the absence of visitors. Psittacanthus robustus is self-compatible but seeds are set mostly by diurnal visitors. Nocturnal animals had a low and secondary contribution to plant fitness. This is the second report of bat pollination for the genus Psittacanthus, and the largest assemblage of bat visitors for the family Loranthaceae. Although ornithophilous, P. robustus is an important resource for bats in the Brazilian savanna, potentially representing a mixed or early transitional state toward bat pollination.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BATS, BRAZIL, LORANTHACEAE, NECTAR COMPOSITION, NECTAR SOURCES, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/btp.13070}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13070}, author = {Diniz, U.M. and Fischer, N.L.S. and Aguiar, L.M.S.} } @unpublished {22378, title = {Anti-bat ultrasound production in moths is globally and phylogenetically widespread}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, pages = {1-31}, type = {bioRxiv preprint}, abstract = {

\"Warning signals are well known in the visual system, but rare in other modalities. Some moths produce ultrasonic sounds to warn bats of noxious taste or to mimic unpalatable models. Here we report results from a long-term study across the globe, assaying moth response to playback of bat echolocation. We tested 252 genera, spanning most families of large-bodied moths, and outline anti-bat ultrasound production in 52 genera, with eight new subfamily origins described. Based on acoustic analysis of ultrasonic emissions and palatability experiments with bats, it seems that acoustic warning and mimicry are the raison d\&$\#$39;etre for sound production in most moths. However, some moths use high-density ultrasound capable of jamming bat sonar. In fact, we find preliminary evidence of independent origins of sonar jamming in at least six subfamilies. Palatability data indicates that jamming and warning are not mutually exclusive strategies. To explore the possible organization of anti-bat warning sounds into acoustic mimicry rings, we intensively studied a community of moths in Ecuador and found five distinct acoustic clusters using machine learning algorithms. While these data represent an early understanding of acoustic aposematism and mimicry across this megadiverse insect order, it is likely that ultrasonically-signaling moths comprise one of the largest mimicry complexes on earth.\"

}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, APOSEMATISM, BATS, DEFENCE, DIVERSITY, EREBIDAE, EVOLUTION, HEARING, JAMMING, LEPIDOPTERA, MIMICRY, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, TYMBAL ORGANS, ULTRASONICS}, doi = {10.1101/2021.09.20.460855}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.20.460855}, author = {Barber, J.R. and Plotkin, D. and Rubin, J.J. and Homziak, N.T. and Leavell, B.C. and Houlihan, P. and Miner, K.A. and Breinholt, J.W. and Quirk-Royal, B. and Padr{\'o}n, P.S. and Nunez, M. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {22249, title = {Bats and hawkmoths form mixed modules with flowering plants in a nocturnal interaction network}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {XX}, year = {2020}, pages = {XXX-XXX [1-12]}, chapter = {XXX}, abstract = {

\"Based on the conceptual framework of pollination syndromes, pollination networks should be composed of well-delimited subgroups formed by plants that diverge in floral phenotypes and are visited by taxonomically different pollinators. Nevertheless, floral traits are not always accurate in predicting floral visitors. For instance, flowers adapted to bat-pollination are larger and wider, enabling the exploitation by other nocturnal animals, such as hawkmoths. Thus, should an interaction network comprising bats and hawkmoths, the most important nocturnal pollinators in the tropics, be formed of mixed-taxon modules due to cross-syndrome interactions? Here, we analyzed such a network to test whether resource plants are shared between the two taxa, and how modules differ in terms of species morphologies. We sampled interactions through pollen grains collected from floral visitors in a Caatinga dry forest in northeastern Brazil. The network was modular yet interwoven by cross-syndrome interactions. Hawkmoths showed no restriction to visit the wider chiropterophilous flowers. Furthermore, bats represented a subset of a hawkmoth-dominated network, as they were restricted to chiropterophilous flowers due to constraints in accessing narrower sphingophilous flowers. As such, the bat-dominated module encompassed relatively wider flowers, but hawkmoths, especially long-tongued ones, were unrestricted by floral width or length. Thus, pollination of flowers with open architectures must be investigated with caution, as they are accessible to a wide array of floral visitors, which may result in mixed-pollination systems. Future research should continue to integrate different syndromes and pollinator groups in order to reach a better understanding of how pollination-related functions emerge from community-level interactions.\"

}, keywords = {BATS, BRAZIL, CAATINGA, DRY FOREST, INTERACTION NETWORKS, MODULARITY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/btp.12902}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12902}, author = {Queiroz, J.A. and Diniz, U.M. and V{\'a}zquez, D.P. and Quirino, Z.M. and Santos, F.A.R. and Mello, M.A.R. and Machado, I.C.} } @article {22046, title = {Species-specific strategies increase unpredictability of escape flight in eared moths}, journal = {Functional Ecology}, volume = {33}, year = {2019}, pages = {1674-1683}, chapter = {1674}, abstract = {

\"1. Many prey species overlap in time and space and are hunted by the same predators. A common anti-predator behaviour is using evasive manoeuvres to escape an attacking predator. The escape-tactic diversity hypothesis postulates that species-specific differences in evasive behaviour will increase the overall unpredictability experienced by predators within a predator\–prey community. Evolutionary, escape-tactic diversity would be driven by the enhanced predator protection for each prey individual in the community. However, escape-tactic diversity could also be a functional consequence of morphological differences that correlate with evasive capabilities.
2. Echolocating bats and eared moths are a textbook example of predator\–prey interactions. Moths exhibit evasive flight with diverse tactics; however, the variability of their evasive flight within and between species and individuals has never been quantified systematically. In addition, moth species show variation in size, which correlates with their flight capability.
3. We recorded flight strength during tethered flight of eight sympatric moth species in response to the same level of simulated bat predation. Our method allowed us to record kinematic parameters that are correlated with evasive flight in a controlled way to investigate species-specific differences in escape tactics.
4. We show species-specific and size-independent differences in both overall flight strength and change of flight strength over time, supporting the escape-tactic diversity hypothesis for eared moths. Additionally, we show strong interindividual differences in evasive flight within some species. This diversity in escape tactic between eared moths increases the overall unpredictability of evasive flight experienced by bat predators, likely providing increased protection against predatory bats for the single individual.\"

}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, BATS, DEILEPHILA, KINEMATICS, NOCTUIDAE, PHYSIOLOGY, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {H{\"u}gel, T. and Goerlitz, H.R.} } @article {20925, title = {Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {6407-6412}, chapter = {6407}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, AMBULYX, ANCESTRAL STATE RECONSTRUCTION, BATS, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CECHETRA, DEFENCE, DIVERGENCE TIMES, DNA, EPTESICUS, HYLES, JAMMING, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, PSILOGRAMMA, RAXML, SONOGRAM, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, ULTRASONICS, XYLOPHANES}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1416679112}, author = {Kawahara, A.Y. and Barber, J.R.} } @article {20500, title = {Anpassungen bei Sphingiden zur Vermeidung von Spinnen- und Fledermaus-Attacken}, journal = {Verhandlungen Westdeutschland Entomologentag}, volume = {2000}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {13-30}, chapter = {13}, keywords = {BATS, HEARING, HOVERING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, PREDATION, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, ULTRASONICS}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Verh-Westd-Entom-Tag_2000_0013-0030.pdf}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20427, title = {Energetic cost of hovering flight in nectar-feeding bats (Phyllotomidae: Glossophaginae) and its scaling in moths, birds and bats}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B}, volume = {169}, year = {1999}, note = {B}, month = {1999}, pages = {38-48}, chapter = {38}, keywords = {BATS, BIRDS, ENERGETICS, HOVERING, NECTAR SOURCES, PHYSIOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003600050191}, author = {Voigt, C.C. and Winter, Y.} } @article {20389, title = {Nocturnal behavior of the African false vampire bat ({ICardioderma cor})}, journal = {Journal of Mammology}, volume = {57}, year = {1976}, month = {1976}, pages = {227-248}, keywords = {BATS, BEHAVIOUR, CARDIODERMA, FORAGING, GLEANING, KENYA, PREDATION, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Vaughan, T. A.} } @book {20378, title = {Orchid flowers: their pollination and evolution}, year = {1966}, month = {1966}, pages = {214}, publisher = {The Fairchild Tropical Garden and the University of Miami Press}, organization = {The Fairchild Tropical Garden and the University of Miami Press}, address = {Coral Gables}, keywords = {BATS, BEES, BIRDS, CLASSIFICATION, COEVOLUTION, HUMMINGBIRDS, MADAGASCAR, ORCHIDACEAE, PAPILIONOIDEA, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, author = {van der Pijl, L. and Dodson, C. H.} } @article {19858, title = {Estudio fenol{\'o}gico de cact~ceas en el enclave seco de la Tatacoa, Colombia}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {32}, year = {2000}, month = {09/2000}, pages = {397-407}, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

\"A one-year phenological study of three columnar cacti, Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton \& Rose, Pilosocereus sp., Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill., and a decumbent cactus Monvillea cf. smithiana (Britton \& Rose) Backeberg., was carried out in the Andean arid region of La Tatacoa, Colombia. Pollinators and/or dispersers of the cacti species also were studied monthly, and fecal samples were collected for the identification of pollen and seeds. The flowering of all species was prolonged and showed bimodal, multimodal, or irregular patterns. Fruiting in all species also was prolonged and followed flowering with a lag of less than two months. Although there were no simple correlations between rainfall and flowering or fruiting, flower production during the dry season was higher for S. griseus, while Pilosocereus sp. and C. hexagonus showed higher flower production during the wet season. Fruit production was also seasonal, with higher production during the wet season for S. griseus and C. hexagonus. The patterns of flowering and fruiting in M. cf. smithiana showed no relationships with dry and wet seasons. The bats Glossophaga longirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, the birds Melanerpes rubricapillus (Picidae) and Mimus gilvus (Mimidae), and moths of the family Sphingidae, were identified as pollinators and/or fruit consumers of these cacti species.

}, keywords = {BATS, BIRDS, CACTACEAE, COLOMBIA, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0397:EFDCEE]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Ruiz, A. and Santos, M. and Cavelier, J. and Soriano, P.J.} } @article {19363, title = {Possible tobacco progenitors share long-tongued hawkmoths as pollen vectors}, journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution}, volume = {241}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {47-54}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

\"The putative ancestors of the allopolyploid hybrid Nicotiana tabacum have distinct flower features, apparently suited either for hawkmoth or bat pollination. This suggests that progenitors were reproductively isolated by mechanical and ethological barriers. However, the present data show that in natural populations pollen vectors could be shared by two of the possible progenitors. Pollen vectors of one of the possible male progenitors (N. otophora) were short- and long-tongued hawkmoths and a nectar-feeding bat, while those of the female ancestor (N. sylvestris) were only long-tongued hawkmoths. The latter are then the most likely vectors responsible for the presumed spontaneous hybridization. These data also suggest that interspecific pollen transfer occurred more likely in one direction.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BATS, HYBRIDS, MANDUCA, NICOTIANA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SOLANACEAE, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1007/s00606-003-0027-9}, author = {Nattero, J. and Mor{\'e}, M. and S{\'e}rsic, A.N. and Cocucci, A.A.} } @inbook {19240, title = {11. Auditory and sound producing organs, pp. 289-323 in}, booktitle = {Handbuch der Zoologie}, volume = {4 (Arthropoda), (2) (Insecta), (35) Lepidoptera. Moths and butterflies 2 (Morphology, physiology and development)}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, organization = {Walter de Gruyter}, address = {Berlin, New York}, keywords = {ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AXIIDAE, BATS, DREPANIDAE, DUDGEONIDAE, GEOMETRIDAE, HEARING, HEDYLIDAE, INCOMPLETE, LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUOIDEA, NYMPHALIDAE, PYRALOIDEA, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, THYRIDIDAE, TINEIDAE, TYMBAL ORGANS, TYMPANAL ORGANS, URANIIDAE}, author = {Minet, J. and Surlykke, A.}, editor = {Kristensen, N. P.} } @article {18280, title = {Pollination of {IKigelia africana} Benth}, journal = {Journal of the West African Science Association}, volume = {4}, year = {1958}, month = {1958}, pages = {25-30}, keywords = {BATS, BIGNONIACEAE, GHANA, KIGELIA, NEPHELE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Harris, B. J. and Baker, H. G.} } @article {18109, title = {Pollination ecology of {ICaryocar brasiliense} (Caryocaraceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {199-211}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BATS, BRAZIL, CARYOCAR, CARYOCARACEAE, COCYTIUS, ERINNYIS, POLLINATION, PSEUDOSPHINX, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Gribel, R. and Hay, J. D.} } @article {16806, title = {The comparative pollination and floral biology of baobabs ({IAdansonia} - Bombacaceae)}, journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden}, volume = {82}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {322-348}, keywords = {ADANSONIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, BAOBAB, BATS, MADAGASCAR, MALVACEAE, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Baum, D. A.} } @article {16807, title = {Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs ({IAdansonia}, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {47}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {181-207}, keywords = {ADANSONIA, BAOBAB, BATS, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CPDNA, ITS, MALVACEAE, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MORPHOLOGY, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, POLLINATION, RESTRICTION SITES, RP116 INTRON, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Baum, D. A. and Small, R. L. and Wendel, J. F.} } @article {16773, title = {Hawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound}, journal = {Biology Letters}, volume = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {20130161}, chapter = {20130161}, keywords = {BATS, DEFENCE, MALE GENITALIA, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, STRIDULATORY SCALES, ULTRASONICS}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161}, author = {Barber, J.R. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @inbook {16727, title = {A brief historical review of the chemistry of floral nectar. Pp. 126-152}, booktitle = {The biology of nectaries}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {259}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, keywords = {BATS, BIRDS, COEVOLUTION, HUMMINGBIRDS, NECTAR COMPOSITION, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Baker, H. G. and Baker, I.}, editor = {Bentley, B. and Elias, T.} } @article {16726, title = {The adaptation of flowering plants to nocturnal and crepuscular pollinators}, journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology}, volume = {36}, year = {1961}, month = {1961}, pages = {64-73}, chapter = {64}, keywords = {ADAPTATION, BATS, BIRDS, HUMMINGBIRDS, ISOLATION MECHANISMS, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, PRODOXIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, TEGITICULA}, url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/403276}, author = {Baker, H.G.} } @article {16570, title = {Beyond the pollination syndrome: nectar ecology and the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in the reproductive success of Inga sessilis (Fabaceae)}, journal = {Plant Biology}, volume = {15}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {315-327}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

\"Inga species present brush-type flower morphology allowing them to be visited by distinct groups of pollinators. Nectar features in relation to the main pollinators have seldom been studied in this genus. To test the hypothesis of floral adaptation to both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, we studied the pollination ecology of Inga sessilis, with emphasis on the nectar secretion patterns, effects of sequential removals on nectar production, sugar composition and the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in its reproductive success. Inga sessilis is self-incompatible and pollinated by hummingbirds, hawkmoths and bats. Fruit set under natural conditions is very low despite the fact that most stigmas receive polyads with sufficient pollen to fertilise all ovules in a flower. Nectar secretion starts in the bud stage and flowers continually secreting nectar for a period of 8h. Flowers actively reabsorbed the nectar a few hours before senescence. Sugar production increased after nectar removal, especially when flowers were drained during the night. Nectar sugar composition changed over flower life span, from sucrose-dominant (just after flower opening, when hummingbirds were the main visitors) to hexose-rich (throughout the night, when bats and hawkmoths were the main visitors). Diurnal pollinators contributed less than nocturnal ones to fruit production, but the former were more constant and reliable visitors through time. Our results indicate I. sessilis has floral adaptations, beyond the morphology, that encompass both diurnal and nocturnal pollinator requirements, suggesting a complementary and mixed pollination system.\"

}, keywords = {BATS, ECOLOGY, FABACEAE, HUMMINGBIRDS, INGA, NECTAR COMPOSITION, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00643.x}, author = {Amorim, F.W. and Galetto, L. and Sazima, M.} }