@article {22753,
	title = {Diversity and abundance of a pollinator group: hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in forests and surrounding farmlands, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Sciences \& Natural Resources},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2022},
	month = {10/2022},
	pages = {556307},
	chapter = {556307},
	abstract = {<p>\&quot;Pollinators are now facing a drastic biodiversity fall in various parts of our world. In Africa data to measure and monitor their biodiversity trend is still inadequate and concentrated more on some insect pollinator groups, especially bees and butterflies. In this study, hawkmoth diversity and abundance in East Usambara Mountains were assessed. Data collection was conducted from three different habitat types that included thick vegetation assemblage with canopy cover, edges of the forest, and farmlands between 2017 and 2019. Hawkmoths were captured using a UV-light trap 250W mercury bulb in 12 sampling sites. A total of 35 hawkmoth species and 991 individuals belonging to the family Sphingidae were identified. The highest hawkmoth abundance was recorded from forest edges (p \&lt; 0.05). Canopy cover and farmlands showed lower hawkmoth abundance. Accordingly, higher Shannon Weiner diversity indices were recorded from canopy cover and forest edges (p \&lt; 0.05). Farmlands had the lowest Shannon Weiner diversity index. Differences in diversity and abundance of hawkmoths among three habitat types suggest that accelerating anthropogenic factors has led to the destruction of natural habitats. Meanwhile, natural habitat destruction has often been found to exert adverse effects on biodiversity. Moreover, the decline in biodiversity of pollinator insects like hawkmoths hinders the vital pollination service to both crops and wild flora. East Usambara Mountains are still an important refuge for many species that become restricted to different environments due to climate change and anthropogenic pressure, hence calling for regular pollinator conservation and monitoring. This study will provide the baseline data on hawkmoth species richness, abundances and diversity for potential conservation and monitoring programs.\&quot;</p>
},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, ANDRIASA, BASIOTHIA, CENTROCTENA, CEPHONODES, CHLOROCLANIS, COELONIA, CONSERVATION, DAPHNIS, DIVERSITY, EASTERN ARC MOUNTAINS, EUCHLORON, FALCATULA, HABITAT DISTURBANCE, HIPPOTION, MACROGLOSSUM, MACROPOLIANA, NEOCLANIS, NEPHELE, PANTOPHAEA, POLLINATION, POLYPTYCHUS, PSEUDOCLANIS, SHANNON-WEINER INDEX, SPHINGIDAE, TANZANIA, TEMNORA, THERETRA, USAMBARA, WORLDMAP1, XANTHOPAN},
	doi = {10.19080/IJESNR.2022.31.556307},
	author = {Sallema, A.E. and Selemani, S.S.}
}
@article {22056,
	title = {DNA barcoding of some Indian species of hawk moths based on COI gene (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {35-40},
	chapter = {35},
	abstract = {<p>\&quot;In the current study, we analysed a partial sequence of 580 bp (approx) of COI gene for seven species belonging to family sphingidae. The study was conducted in the northern India mainly in the districts of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Uttarakhand during the period of April, 2015 to December, 2016 the studied sequences have been added to the current database at GenBank NCBI. The database analysis showed mean K2P divergence of 0.59\% at intraspecific level, 6.3\% at interspecific and 12.2\% at intergeneric level. A range of 0.0\% to 2.7\% was observed during the intraspecific study alongwith the range of 3.6\% to 8.2\% in the interspecific study, thereby indicating a hierarchal increase in K2P mean divergence across different taxonomic levels.\&quot;</p>
},
	keywords = {ACOSMERYX, ACTIAS, ANAMBULYX, BARCODING, CEPHONODES, COI, HIPPOTION, INDIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MINIMUM EVOLUTION, NEIGHBOR-JOINING, POLYPTYCHUS, PSILOGRAMMA, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1},
	issn = {2349-6800},
	author = {Singh, D. and Kaur, N.}
}
@book {22010,
	title = {The marvellous moths of China},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {403},
	publisher = {Henan Science and Technology Press;},
	organization = {Henan Science and Technology Press;},
	address = {Beijing},
	keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACTIAS, AMBULYX, ANTHERAEA, ANTHERAEOPSIS, APOCALYPSIS, ARCHAEOATTACUS, ATTACUS, BRAHMAEA, BRAHMAEIDAE, CALLAMBULYX, CEPHONODES, CHINA, CRICULA, DAPHNIS, FOODPLANT, HAYESIANA, LANGIA, LEMAIREIA, LOEPA, MACROGLOSSUM, MEGACORMA, POLYPTYCHUS, RHODINIA, RINACA, SALASSA, SAMIA, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE},
	issn = { 978-7-5349-8407-5},
	author = {Wu, V.Y.}
}
@book {21973,
	title = {A field guide to hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of the state of Karnataka, India},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {110},
	publisher = {Ekologick{\'e} centrum Orlov},
	organization = {Ekologick{\'e} centrum Orlov},
	address = {P{\v r}{\'\i}bram},
	keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACOSMERYX, AGNOSIA, AGRIUS, AMBULYX, AMPLYPTERUS, ANGONYX, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, CIZARA, CLANIS, DAPHNIS, DOLBINA, ENPINANGA, EUPANACRA, FIELD GUIDE, HIPPOTION, HYLES, INDIA, LEUCOPHLEBIA, MACROGLOSSUM, MALE GENITALIA, MARUMBA, MEGACORMA, NEOGURELCA, NEPHELE, PERGESA, POLYPTYCHUS, PSILOGRAMMA, RHAGASTIS, SATASPES, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA},
	issn = {978-80-88300-03-8},
	author = {Melichar, T. and Haxaire, J. and {\v R}ez{\'a}{\v c}, M. and Manjunatha, H.B.}
}
@inbook {21748,
	title = {Colour plates 143-324},
	booktitle = {Systematic and illustrated catalogue of the Macroheterocera and superfamilies Cossoidea Leach, [1815], Zygaenoidea Latreille, 1809, Thyridoidea Herrich-Sch{\"a}ffer, 1846 and Hyblaeoidea Hampson, 1903 of the Arabian Peninsula},
	volume = {Esperiana},
	number = {20 (2)},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {149-364},
	publisher = {Wissenschaftlicher Verlag-Peks},
	organization = {Wissenschaftlicher Verlag-Peks},
	address = {Schwanfeld},
	keywords = {ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, BASIOTHIA, BOMBYCIDAE, CAMPIMOPTILUM, CEPHONODES, DAPHNIS, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, HYLES, MACROGLOSSUM, NEPHELE, POLYPTYCHUS, PSEUDOCLANIS, PSILOGRAMMA, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINGONAEPIOPSIS, TEMNORA, TRILOCHA, USTA, YEMEN},
	isbn = {978-3-938249-07-9},
	author = {Hacker, H.},
	editor = {Hacker, H.}
}
@inbook {21748,
	title = {Family Sphingidae Latreille, 1802},
	booktitle = {Systematic and illustrated catalogue of the Macroheterocera and superfamilies Cossoidea Leach, [1815], Zygaenoidea Latreille, 1809, Thyridoidea Herrich-Sch{\"a}ffer, 1846 and Hyblaeoidea Hampson, 1903 of the Arabian Peninsula},
	volume = {Esperiana},
	number = {20 (1)},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {51-60},
	publisher = {Wissenschaftlicher Verlag-Peks},
	organization = {Wissenschaftlicher Verlag-Peks},
	address = {Schwanfeld},
	keywords = {ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, BASIOTHIA, CEPHONODES, DAPHNIS, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, HYLES, MACROGLOSSUM, NEPHELE, POLYPTYCHUS, PSEUDOCLANIS, PSILOGRAMMA, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINGONAEPIOPSIS, TEMNORA, WORLDMAP1, YEMEN},
	isbn = {978-3-938249-07-9},
	author = {Hacker, H.},
	editor = {Hacker, H.}
}
@article {19807,
	title = {A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae},
	journal = {Novitates Zoologicae (Supplement)},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1903},
	month = {1903},
	pages = {i-cxxxv + 1-972},
	chapter = {1},
	keywords = {ACOSMERYX, ADHEMARIUS, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AELLOPOS, AGNOSIA, ALEURON, AMBULYX, AMPHIMOEA, ANGONYX, ANTINEPHELE, BATOCNEMA, CALLIONIMA, CATALOGUE, CATE DIAGNOSIS, CECHENENA, CEPHONODES, CERATOMIA, CHAEROCINA, CLADISTICS, CLANIDOPSIS, CLANIS, CLARINA, CLASSIFICATION, COELONIA, CYPA, CYPOIDES, ELLENBECKIA, ENPINANGA, EURYGLOTTIS, FALCATULA, FOODPLANT, HIPPOTION, HOPLISTOPUS, HYLES, ISOPARCE, LANGIA, LAOTHOE, LEPTOCLANIS, LEUCOMONIA, LIKOMA, LINTNERIA, LOMOCYMA, MACROGLOSSUM, MANDUCA, MARUMBA, NANNOPARCE, NEOGENE, NEOGURELCA, NEPHELE, NYCERYX, PACHYLIA, PANTOPHAEA, PERIGONIA, PHANOXYLA, PHRYXUS, PHYLLOXIPHIA, POLIANA, POLYPTYCHUS, PRAEDORA, PROTALEURON, PROTAMBULYX, PSEUDOCLANIS, PSILOGRAMMA, RETHERA, RHAGASTIS, RHODAFRA, RHODOPRASINA, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINX, STOLIDOPTERA, TEMNORA, TEMNORIPAIS, TETRACHROA, THAMNOECHA, THERETRA, TROGOLEGNUM, UNZELA, WORLDMAP1(PART), XANTHOPAN, XYLOPHANES},
	url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37200$\#$page/1/mode/1up},
	author = {Rothschild, L.W. and Jordan, K.}
}
@book {18788,
	title = {Hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {226},
	publisher = {Cornell University Press \& The Natural History Museum},
	organization = {Cornell University Press \& The Natural History Museum},
	address = {Ithaca \& London},
	keywords = {AGRIUS, AMBULYX, AMPELOPHAGA, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, CHECKLIST, DOLBA, HIPPOTION, ISOGNATHUS, MACROGLOSSUM, MARUMBA, NOMENCLATURE, PHYLLOSPHINGIA, POLYPTYCHUS, PSEUDOCLANIS, REVIEW, SPHINGIDAE, TYPES, WORLDMAP1, XYLOPHANES},
	author = {Kitching, I.J. and Cadiou, J.-M.}
}
@article {18555,
	title = {Some unrecorded moths from the Amami Islands, Japan, with description of a new subspecies},
	journal = {Konty{\^u}},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1965},
	month = {1965},
	pages = {131-141},
	chapter = {131},
	keywords = {ACOSMERYX, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, JAPAN, LOEPA, MACROGLOSSUM, PERGESA, POLYPTYCHUS, RINACA, RYUKYUS, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA},
	author = {Inoue, H.}
}
@article {17569,
	title = {Afrikanische Schmetterlinge},
	journal = {Mitteilungen der M{\"u}nchener Entomologischen Verein},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1879},
	month = {1879},
	pages = {23-35},
	chapter = {23},
	keywords = {ACANTHOSPHINX, ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, ANDRIASA, ANGOLA, ATEMNORA, BASIOTHIA, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, COELONIA, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, LOPHOSTETHUS, LYCOSPHINGIA, MACROGLOSSUM, NEPHELE, PLATYSPHINX, POLYPTYCHUS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1},
	author = {Dewitz, H.}
}
