@article {22807, title = {What happens to the traditional taxonomy when a well-known tropical saturniid moth fauna is DNA barcoded?}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {26}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {478-505}, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

\"Biodiversity of tropical Saturniidae, as measured through traditionally described and catalogued species, strongly risks pooling cryptic species under one name. We examined the DNA barcodes, morphology, habitus and ecology of 32 \‘well known\’ species of dry forest saturniid moths from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in north-western Costa Rica and found that they contain as many as 49 biological entities that are probably separate species. The most prominent splitting of traditional species \– Eacles imperialis, Automeris zugana, Automeris tridens, Othorene verana, Hylesia dalina, Dirphia avia, Syssphinx molina, Syssphinx colla, and Syssphinx quadrilineata \– is where one species was believed to breed in dry forest and rain forest, but is found to be two biological entities variously distinguishable by DNA barcodes and morphology, habitus, and/or microecological distribution. This implies that \‘standard\’ biological information about each traditional species may be an unconscious mix of interspecific information, and begs renewed DNA barcoding, closer attention to so-called intraspecific variation, and increased museum collection and curation of specimens from more individual and ecologically characterised sites \– as well as eventually more species descriptions. Simultaneously, this inclusion of sibling species as individual entities in biodiversity studies, rather than pooled under one traditional name, reduces the degree of ecological and evolutionary generalisation perceived by the observer.\"

}, keywords = {ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AUTOMERIS, BARCODE GAP, BARCODING, CAIO, COI, COSTA RICA, DIRPHIA, DNA, EACLES, HYLESIA, MALE GENITALIA, OTHORENE, PERIPHOBA, PTILOSCOLA, SATURNIIDAE, SPECIES DELIMITATION, SYSSPHINX, TAXONOMY}, issn = {1445-5226}, doi = {10.1071/is12038}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is12038}, author = {Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Harvey, D.J. and Darrow, K. and Rougerie, R. and Hajibabaei, M. and Smith, M.A. and Bertrand, C. and Gamboa, I.C. and Espinoza, B. and Sullivan, J.B. and Deca{\"e}ns, T. and Herbin, D. and Chavarria, L.F. and Franco, R. and Cambronero, H. and Rios, S. and Quesada, F. and Pereira, G. and Vargas, J. and Guadamuz, A. and Espinoza, R. and Hernandez, J. and Rios, L. and Cantillano, E. and Moraga, R. and Moraga, C. and Rios, P. and Rios, M. and Calero, R. and Martinez, D. and Brice{\~n}o, D. and Carmona, M. and Apu, E. and Aragon, K. and Uma{\~n}a, C. and Perez, J. and Cordoba, A. and Uma{\~n}a, P. and Sihezar, G. and Espinoza, O. and Cano, C. and Araya, E. and Garcia, D. and Ramirez, H. and Pereira, M. and Cortez, J. and Pereira, M. and Medina, W. and Hebert, P.D.N.} } @article {22777, title = {A tropical horde of counterfeit predator eyes}, journal = {Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {107}, year = {2010}, month = {06/2010}, pages = {11659-11665}, chapter = {11659}, abstract = {

\"We propose that the many different, but essentially similar, eye-like and face-like color patterns displayed by hundreds of species of tropical caterpillars and pupae\—26 examples of which are displayed here from the dry, cloud, and rain forests of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica\—constitute a huge and pervasive mimicry complex that is evolutionarily generated and sustained by the survival behavior of a large and multispecific array of potential predators: the insect-eating birds. We propose that these predators are variously and innately programmed to flee when abruptly confronted, at close range, with what appears to be an eye of one of their predators. Such a mimetic complex differs from various classical Batesian and M\üllerian mimicry complexes of adult butterflies in that (i) the predators sustain it for the most part by innate traits rather than by avoidance behavior learned through disagreeable experiences, (ii) the more or less harmless, sessile, and largely edible mimics vastly outnumber the models, and (iii) there is no particular selection for the eye-like color pattern to closely mimic the eye or face of any particular predator of the insect-eating birds or that of any other member of this mimicry complex. Indeed, selection may not favor exact resemblance among these mimics at all. Such convergence through selection could create a superabundance of one particular false eyespot or face pattern, thereby increasing the likelihood of a bird species or guild learning to associate that pattern with harmless prey.\"

}, keywords = {BEHAVIOUR, EYESPOT, IMMATURE STAGES, LEPIDOPTERA, MIMICRY, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, PUPA}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0912122107}, author = {Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Burns, J.M.} } @article {22245, title = {A global food plant dataset for wild silkmoths and hawkmoths and its use in documenting polyphagy of their caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Saturniidae, Sphingidae)}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

\"Background

Herbivorous insects represent a major fraction of global biodiversity and the relationships they have established with their food plants range from strict specialists to broad generalists. Our knowledge of these relationships is of primary importance to basic (e.g. the study of insect ecology and evolution) and applied biology (e.g. monitoring of pest or invasive species) and yet remains very fragmentary and understudied. In Lepidoptera caterpillars of families Saturniidae and Sphingidae are rather well known and considered to have adopted contrasting preferences in their use of food plants. The former are regarded as being rather generalist feeders, whereas the latter are more specialist.

New information

To assemble and synthesise the vast amount of existing data on food plants of Lepidoptera families Saturniidae and Sphingidae, we combined three major existing databases to produce a dataset collating more than 26,000 records for 1256 species (25\% of all species) in 121 (67\%) and 167 (81\%) genera of Saturniidae and Sphingidae, respectively. This dataset is used here to document the level of polyphagy of each of these genera using summary statistics, as well as the calculation of a polyphagy score derived from the analysis of Phylogenetic Diversity of the food plants used by the species in each genus.\"

}, keywords = {COSTA RICA, DATABASE, ECOLOGY, FOODPLANT, HERBIVORY, LIFE HISTORY, POLYPHAGY, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, TRAITS}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.8.e60027}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e60027}, author = {Ballesteros-Mejia, L. and Arnal, P. and Hallwachs, W. and Haxaire, J. and Janzen, D. and Kitching, I.J. and Rougerie, R.} } @article {21251, title = {Advancing taxonomy and bioinventories with DNA barcodes}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B}, volume = {371}, year = {2016}, pages = {20150339}, chapter = {20150339}, keywords = {BARCODE INDEX NUMBER, BARCODING, COI, COSTA RICA, DNA, GEOMETRIDAE, INVENTORIES, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, SPECIES DELIMITATION}, doi = {dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0339}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0339}, author = {Miller, S.E. and Hausmann, A. and Hallwachs, W. and Janzen, D.H.} } @article {20886, title = {A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, pages = {401-408}, chapter = {401}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BEHAVIOUR, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, COI, DEFENCE, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUMORPHA, EYESPOT, IMMATURE STAGES, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MIMICRY, PHYLOGENY, RASP, RAXML, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12111}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12111}, author = {Ponce, F.V. and Breinholt, J.W. and Hossie, T. and Barber, J.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {20549, title = {When species matches are unavailable are DNA barcodes correctly assigned to higher taxa? An assessment using sphingid moths}, journal = {BMC Ecology}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {2011}, pages = {18}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

\"Background

When a specimen belongs to a species not yet represented in DNA barcode reference libraries there is disagreement over the effectiveness of using sequence comparisons to assign the query accurately to a higher taxon. Library completeness and the assignment criteria used have been proposed as critical factors affecting the accuracy of such assignments but have not been thoroughly investigated. We explored the accuracy of assignments to genus, tribe and subfamily in the Sphingidae, using the almost complete global DNA barcode reference library (1095 species) available for this family. Costa Rican sphingids (118 species), a well-documented, diverse subset of the family, with each of the tribes and subfamilies represented were used as queries. We simulated libraries with different levels of completeness (10-100\% of the available species), and recorded assignments (positive or ambiguous) and their accuracy (true or false) under six criteria.

Results

A liberal tree-based criterion assigned 83\% of queries accurately to genus, 74\% to tribe and 90\% to subfamily, compared to a strict tree-based criterion, which assigned 75\% of queries accurately to genus, 66\% to tribe and 84\% to subfamily, with a library containing 100\% of available species (but excluding the species of the query). The greater number of true positives delivered by more relaxed criteria was negatively balanced by the occurrence of more false positives. This effect was most sharply observed with libraries of the lowest completeness where, for example at the genus level, 32\% of assignments were false positives with the liberal criterion versus \< 1\% when using the strict. We observed little difference (\< 8\% using the liberal criterion) however, in the overall accuracy of the assignments between the lowest and highest levels of library completeness at the tribe and subfamily level.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that when using a strict tree-based criterion for higher taxon assignment with DNA barcodes, the likelihood of assigning a query a genus name incorrectly is very low, if a genus name is provided it has a high likelihood of being accurate, and if no genus match is available the query can nevertheless be assigned to a subfamily with high accuracy regardless of library completeness. DNA barcoding often correctly assigned sphingid moths to higher taxa when species matches were unavailable, suggesting that barcode reference libraries can be useful for higher taxon assignments long before they achieve complete species coverage.\"

}, keywords = {BARCODING, DNA, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/11/18}, author = {Wilson, J.J. and Rougerie, R. and Schonfeld, J. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Hajibabaei, M. and Kitching, I.J. and Haxaire, J. and Hebert, P.D.N.} } @article {18607, title = {Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Caterpillars, pupae, butterflies \& moths}, year = {2018}, month = {2005}, keywords = {APATELODIDAE, CATE DIAGNOSIS, COSTA RICA, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, LASIOCAMPIDAE, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso}, author = {Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W.} } @article {18606, title = {Wedding biodiversity inventory of a large and complex Lepidoptera fauna with DNA barcoding}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London}, volume = {360}, year = {2005}, note = {B}, month = {2005}, pages = {1835-1845}, keywords = {BARCODING, BIODIVERSITY, COI, COSTA RICA, CRYPTIC SPECIES, DNA, HESPERIIDAE, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, TAXONOMY}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2005.1715}, author = {Janzen, D.H. and Hajibabaei, M. and Burns, J.M. and Hallwachs, W. and Remigio, E. and Hebert, P.D.N.} } @article {18508, title = {An eyespot that "blinks": an open and shut case of eye mimicry in Eumorpha caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791935; ; ;}, month = {2013}, pages = {2915-2926}, chapter = {2915}, keywords = {COSTA RICA, EUMORPHA, EYESPOT, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, MIMICRY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Hossie, T.J. and Sherratt, T.N. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W.} } @article {18201, title = {DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {103}, year = {2006}, month = {01/2006}, pages = {968-971}, chapter = {968}, keywords = {BARCODING, CLASSIFICATION, COI, COSTA RICA, HESPERIIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.0510466103}, author = {Hajibabaei, M. and Janzen, D.H. and Burns, J.M. and Hallwachs, W. and Hebert, P.D.N.} }