@article {22311, title = {Contribution of the maxillary muscles to proboscis movement in hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae){\textemdash}an electrophysiological study}, journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology}, volume = {49}, year = {2003}, pages = {765{\textendash}776}, chapter = {765}, abstract = {

\"The role of the maxillary muscles in the uncoiling and coiling movements of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) has been examined by electromyogram recordings, combined with video analysis. The maxillary muscles of adult Lepidoptera can be divided into two groups, galeal and stipital muscles. The galea contains two basal muscles and two series of oblique longitudinal muscles, which run through the entire length of the galea. Three muscles insert on the stipes, taking their origin on the tentorium and on parts of the cranium and gena, respectively. Proboscis extension is initiated by an elevation of the galea base caused by the basal galeal muscles. The actual uncoiling of the proboscis spiral is accompanied by rapid compressions of the stipites which are caused by two of the stipital muscles. The study provides strong support for the hypothesis that uncoiling is brought about by an increase of hemolymph pressure by the stipites forcing hemolymph into the galeae. Recoiling is caused by the contraction of both sets of oblique longitudinal galeal muscles supported by elasticity of the galea cuticle. Finally, the remaining stipital muscle pulls down the galea base which brings the coiled proboscis back to its resting position where it is held in the U-shaped groove of the labium without further muscle activity.\"

}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ADULT FEEDING, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AGRIUS, MANDUCA, MUSCULATURE, NEOCOCYTIUS, NEUROLOGY, PANOGENA, PHYSIOLOGY, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINX, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00113-6}, author = {Wannenmacher, G. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20949, title = {Angraecum-Orchideen und langr{\"u}sslige Schw{\"a}rmer, Best{\"a}ubung und Evolution}, journal = {Die Orchideen}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, pages = {175-181}, chapter = {175}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @proceedings {20794, title = {Evolution of long-tongued hawkmoths and pollination of long-spurred Angraecum orchids}, year = {2013}, pages = {280-284}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20499, title = {Flight-motor-driven respiratory air flow in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {204}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {2209-2220}, chapter = {2209}, abstract = {

\"Intratracheal pressure during tethered flight was analyzed at the anterior spiracles and mesoscutellar air sacs in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta using electronic pressure sensors. CO2 emission from the anterior spiracles and the posterior thoracic and abdominal spiracles was measured using a URAS gas analyzer with a split-specimen chamber. Experiments were accompanied by photocell recordings of the wingbeat. The structural differences between the mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles are described. Deformations of the lateral thorax and their effect upon the spiracles were observed under stroboscopic light.

During shivering, ventilation pulses are generated by the flight muscles reminiscent of an autoventilation mechanism with tidal air flow. During steady flight, however, a unidirectional airstream arises with a mean negative (subatmospheric) pressure at the first (mesothoracic) spiracles and a mean positive pressure in the mesoscutellar air sacs. As a result of this pressure difference during flight, CO2 is emitted only at the posterior spiracles.

The suction force for the inspiration flow at the anterior spiracles is generated by the flight apparatus as a result of prevention of inspiration through the posterior thoracic spiracles. During the downstroke, the volume of the thoracic air sacs increases, while the posterior thoracic spiracles are automatically enclosed in the subalar cleft below the wing hinge and are probably closed. During the upstroke, the air sac volume decreases and the moth expires through the open posterior spiracles.\"

}, keywords = {MANDUCA, PHYSIOLOGY, RESPIRATION, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/204/13/2209/32803/Flight-motor-driven-respiratory-air-flow-in-the}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20500, title = {Anpassungen bei Sphingiden zur Vermeidung von Spinnen- und Fledermaus-Attacken}, journal = {Verhandlungen Westdeutschland Entomologentag}, volume = {2000}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {13-30}, chapter = {13}, keywords = {BATS, HEARING, HOVERING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, PREDATION, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, ULTRASONICS}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Verh-Westd-Entom-Tag_2000_0013-0030.pdf}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20497, title = {Deep flowers for long tongues}, journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {13}, year = {1998}, month = {11/1998}, pages = {459-460}, chapter = {459}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20496, title = {The pollinators of the Malagasy Star Orchids Angraecum sesquipedale, A. sororium and A. compactum and the evolution of extremely long spurs by pollinator shift}, journal = {Botanica Acta}, volume = {110}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {343-359}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

\"The pollination process of the extremely long-spurred orchids Angraecum sesquipedale and A. sororium is described and documented here for the first time. The pollinaria and viscidia load was examined in moths captured in central and south Madagascar. Visits to orchids by hawkmoths were rarely observed in the field and were therefore systematically recorded in large flight tents using a night-vision video technique and flashlight photography. Angraecum sesquipedale in Fort Dauphin is pollinated by Xanthopan morgani praedicta and A. sororium on Mt. Angavokely by Coelonia solani. By combining a deep nectar spur of extraordinary length with a protruding labellum functioning as a landing platform, these orchids overcome the moth\&$\#$39;s stereotypic swing-hovering flight thus enabling full insertion of the long tongue. Angraecum compactum in For\êt d\&$\#$39;Ambohitantely is pollinated by both the shorter and longer-tongued forms of Panogena lingens which never swing-hover but is also exploited by X. morgani and C. solani with wastage of pollinaria. The duration of tongue insertion, nectar exploitation and tongue withdrawal were analyzed: legitimate and illegitimate visitors differ in their time budget and approach to the flower. Nectar volume, nectar level and sugar concentration of A. sesquipedale and A. sororium were compared with the nectar requirements of the pollinating hawkmoths. The evolution of very long spurs in these orchids is likely to have involved a series of pollinator shifts. The orchids adapted to different hawkmoth species with increasingly long tongues which primarily evolved to avoid predator attacks during visits to less specialized flowers. This \“pollinator shift\” model modifies the classical \“coevolutionary race\” model. The relevance of the taxon Angraecum bosseri Senghas is questioned.\"

}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00650.x}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20495, title = {Of hawkmoth species with long "tongues". Tropical biocenoses}, journal = {German Research. Reports of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft}, volume = {1996}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {22-24}, chapter = {22}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @inbook {20492, title = {Swing-hovering combined with long tongue in hawkmoths, an antipredator adaptation during flower visits. Pp. 77-87 in}, booktitle = {Animal-plant interactions in tropical environments}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {227}, publisher = {Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig}, organization = {Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig}, address = {Bonn}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BEHAVIOUR, CLASSIFICATION, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, XANTHOPAN}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262001569_Animal-plant_interactions_in_tropical_environments}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.}, editor = {Barthlott, W. and Naumann, C.M. and Schmidt-Loske, K. and Schuchmann, K.L.} } @article {20493, title = {Von langr{\"u}sseligen Schw{\"a}rmerarten Lebensgemeinschaften in den Tropen}, journal = {Forschung Mitteilungen der Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft}, volume = {1994}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {8-11}, chapter = {8}, keywords = {ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {19921, title = {Comparative morphology of the spiracles of the Papilionidae, Sphingidae, and Saturniidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera)}, journal = {International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology}, volume = {28}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {13-26}, chapter = {13}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, PAPILIONIDAE, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, SPIRACLES}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020732298000336}, author = {Schmitz, A. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {18082, title = {Tympanal and atympanal {\textquoteright}mouth-ears{\textquoteright} in hawkmoths (Sphingidae)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London}, volume = {269}, year = {2002}, note = {B}, month = {01/2002}, pages = {89-95}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

\"The labral pilifers and the labial palps form ultrasound-sensitive hearing organs in species of two distantly related hawkmoth subtribes, the Choerocampina and the Acherontiina. Biomechanical examination now reveals that their ears represent different types of hearing organs. In hearing species of both subtribes, the labral pilifer picks up vibrations from specialized sound\–receiving structures of the labial palp that are absent in non\–hearing species. In Choerocampina, a thin area of cuticle serves as an auditory tympanum, whereas overlapping scales functionally replace a tympanum in Acherontiina that can hear. The tympanum of Choerocampina and the scale\–plate of Acherontiina both vibrate maximally in response to ultrasonic, behaviourally relevant sounds, with the vibrations of the tympanum exceeding those of the scale plate by ca. 15 dB. This amplitude difference, however, is not reflected in the vibrations of the pilifers and the neural auditory sensitivity is similar in hearing species of both subtribes. Accordingly, morphologically different \–\– tympanal and atympanal \–\– but functionally equivalent hearing organs evolved independently and in parallel within a single family of moths.\"

}, keywords = {ACHERONTIINI, CHOEROCAMPINA, HEARING, MECHANORECEPTION, PILIFER, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINGINI, ULTRASONICS}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2001.1646}, author = {G{\"o}pfert, M.C. and Surlykke, A. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {18083, title = {Hearing with the mouthparts: behavioural responses and the structural basis of ultrasound perception in acherontiine hawkmoths}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {202}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {909-918}, chapter = {909}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, COELONIA, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, NEUROLOGY, PANOGENA, PHYSIOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE, TYMPANAL ORGANS, ULTRASONICS, XANTHOPAN}, url = {https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-pdf/202/8/909/2598932/jexbio_202_8_909.pdf}, author = {G{\"o}pfert, M.C. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {18084, title = {Auditory sensory cells in hawkmoths: identification, physiology and structure}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {202}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {1579-1587}, chapter = {1579}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, HEARING, HIPPOTION, NEUROLOGY, PANOGENA, PHYSIOLOGY, PILIFER, SPHINGIDAE, ULTRASONICS}, url = {https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-pdf/202/12/1579/2603760/jexbio_202_12_1579.pdf}, author = {G{\"o}pfert, M.C. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {16672, title = {{\textquoteright}Good Heavens what insect can suck it{\textquoteright} - Charles Darwin, Angraecum sesquipedale and Xanthopan morganii praedicta}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {169}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {403-432}, chapter = {403}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, COEVOLUTION, DARWIN, MADAGASCAR, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, REVIEW, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Arditti, J. and Elliott, J. and Kitching, I.J. and Wasserthal, L.T.} }