@article {22805, title = {The chemical constituents and economic plants of the Euphorbiaceae}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {94}, year = {1987}, pages = {293-326}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

\"A chemical review of the different classes of compounds which have been isolated from the Euphorbiaceae (other than the diterpenoids) is given. This includes triterpenoids and related compounds (sterols, alcohols and hydrocarbons), phenolic compounds (flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, tannins, phenanthrenes, quinones, phenolic acids, etc.), alkaloids, cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates. A summary of the industrial and medicinal uses of members of the Euphorbiaceae is provided.\"

}, keywords = {ALKALOIDS, COUMARINS, EUPHORBIACEAE, FLAVINOIDS, FOODPLANT CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS, PYRROLIZIDINES, TERPENES}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/94/1-2/293/2648849}, author = {Rizk, A.M.} } @article {21834, title = {Pollination biology of four sympatric species of Habenaria (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae) from southern Brazil}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {170}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2012}, pages = {141-156}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

\"The pollination process and breeding system of the sympatric Habenaria johannensis, H.\ macronectar, H.\ megapotamensis and H.\ montevidensis was documented for native populations from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All species investigated offer a nectar reward (mean values of total sugars ranging from 18 to 26\%) concealed in a spur. Habenaria montevidensis is pollinated by butterflies (Hesperiidae, especially of the genus Urbanus) that carry pollinaria on their eyes; the other three species are pollinated by Sphingidae. Habenaria johannensis is pollinated by the moths Manduca rustica and M.\ sexta that carry the pollinaria at the base of the proboscis. Habenaria macronectar is pollinated by the moths Eumorpha labrusca [sic] and M. cf. lucetius, and these bear pollinaria between the palpi. Habenaria megapotamensis is pollinated by moths of M. cf. lucetius that bear the pollinaria on the proboscis. All species studied are self-compatible, but pollinator dependent. They also displayed high reproductive success (ranging from 69.48 to 97.40\%) and male efficiency factors slightly higher than 1, suggesting that at least one flower was pollinated for each flower acting as pollen donor. At the study sites, the investigated Habenaria spp. are isolated (in terms of pollination) by a set of factors that includes differing floral morphologies, different pollinators and/or different pollinarium placement on the pollinator.\"

}, keywords = {BRAZIL, EUMORPHA, FLORAL MORPHOLOGY, HABENARIA, MANDUCA, NECTAR COMPOSITION, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01285.x}, author = {Pedron, M. and Buzatto, C.R. and Singer, R.B. and Batista, J.A.N. and Moser, A.} } @article {21833, title = {Nocturnal hawkmoth and noctuid moth pollination of Habenaria limprichtii (Orchidaceae) in sub-alpine meadows of the Yulong Snow Mountain (Yunnan, China)}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {XX}, year = {2018}, month = {06/2018}, pages = {XXX-XXX}, type = {Early view}, chapter = {XXX}, abstract = {

\"Habenaria (Orchidaceae) is a species-rich genus, usually pollinated by members of Lepidoptera, but the pollination ecology of its sub-alpine species in the Himalayas remains under-explored. We focused on three populations of the endangered, nectar-secreting H. limprichtii on Yulong Snow Mountain (eastern Himalayas). Results showed that spurs of H. limprichtii contained 10.8 \μl of nectar with 26.3\% dissolved sugars at night. A hawkmoth (Deilephila elpenor subsp. lewisii) and two species of settling moths (Cucullia fraterna and Trichoplusia intermixta) were the dominant pollinators. The hawkmoths had long proboscides (26.3 mm in length), matching the spur length of the flowers, and carried one to 30 pollinaria on their eyes. In contrast, settling moths had short proboscides (15\–16.4 mm) carrying fewer than nine pollinaria on their legs or thoraces. These insects may have been attracted by the floral scent dominated by two aromatic benzenoid compounds. Flowers are self-compatible, but pollinators were required to produce fruits. Hand-pollination experiments showed a high level of inbreeding depression (a low proportion of seeds with well-developed embryos in self-pollinated fruits), whereas insect-mediated (natural) rates of cross-pollination were also low (13\%). This suggests that most fruits were fertilized following moth-mediated autogamy/geitonogamy. Fruit set was always higher than the rate of pollinaria removal, suggesting a higher pollination efficiency due to its sectile and friable pollinia. Fruit set in natural populations was highly variable among years (28.5\–93.7\%), doubling in 2016. Although this is only the fourth case of moth-pollination described in Chinese Habenaria spp., it highlights the potential importance of this syndrome at higher elevations.\"

}, keywords = {CHINA, CUCULLIA, DEILEPHILA, ECOLOGY, FLORAL SCENT, HABENARIA, NECTAR COMPOSITION, NOCTUIDAE, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, THYSANOPLUSIA, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boy023}, author = {Tao, Z.-B. and Ren, Z.-X. and Bernhardt, P. and Wang, W.-J. and Liang, H. and Li, H.-D. and Wang, H.} } @article {21088, title = {An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {181}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-20}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 63 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families that made up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed: Cynomoriaceae in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. Peltanthera). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of Allantospermum from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of Pakaraimaea (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Stixis and Tirania (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (Sanango moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales). \© 2016 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016\"

}, keywords = {ADOXACEAE, ANGIOSPERMS, ASPHODELACEAE, BORAGINALES, CLASSIFICATION, DILENIALES, FOODPLANT, FRANCOACEAE, ICACINALES, MELIANTHACEAE, PERACEAE, PHYLOGENY, SUPERASTERIDS, SUPERROSIDS, VAHLIALES, VIBURNACEAE, XANTHORRHOEACEAE}, doi = {10.1111/boj.12385}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385}, author = {The_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group} }