@article {22995, title = {Changes in the suprageneric classification of Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera) based on the nucleotide sequence of gene EF-1α}, journal = {Entomological Review}, volume = {92}, year = {2012}, pages = {531-547}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

\"The nucleotide sequences of nuclear gene EF-1\α were determined for 49 species of Lasiocampidae from Eurasia and Africa. Based on these data, the phylogeny of the family was reconstructed using the minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. The molecular genetic research confirms the monophyly of Malacosominae which is treated as a separate subfamily. The genus Euthrix appears to be paraphyletic. The group of genera similar to Arguda, previously united with Odonestis in the tribe Odonestini, proved to be a separate lineage; contrary to the earlier assumption, the genera do not seem to be related. On the other hand, the genera Argonestis and Odonestis were found to be closely related and therefore were placed in the same tribe. The position of the genus Macrothylacia remains obscure. The genus Stoermeriana de Fr. et Witt is also para- or polyphyletic and consists of several independent lineages whose status remains to be determined. The new classification supports synonymization of Pinarinae with Lasiocampinae. The rank of subfamily is not supported for the Neotropical Macromphaliinae, which is downgraded to a tribe, Macromphaliini stat. n., within Poecilocampinae. The genus Hypopacha, previously considered within Macromphaliinae, is transferred to Poecilocampini; the close relation between Poecilocampini and Macromphaliini is additionally supported by the presence of a member of Poecilocampini in the New World. A new tribe, Argudini Zolotuhin trib. n., is established.\"

}, keywords = {ARGUDA, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CATALOGUE, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUTHRIX, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, HYPOPACHA, LASIOCAMPIDAE, MACROTHYLACIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MINIMUM EVOLUTION, ODONESTIS, PARSIMONY, STOERMERIANA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873812050065}, author = {Zolotuhin, V.V. and Efimov, R.V. and Anikin, V.V. and Demin, A.G. and Knushevitskaya, M.V.} } @article {22995, title = {Changes in the suprageneric classification of Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera) based on the nucleotide sequence of gene EF-1α}, journal = {Zoologicheskii Zhurnal}, volume = {91}, year = {2012}, pages = {321-336}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

\"The nucleotide sequences of nuclear gene EF-1\α were determined for 49 species of Lasiocampidae from Eurasia and Africa. Based on these data, the phylogeny of the family was reconstructed using the minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. The molecular genetic research confirms the monophyly of Malacosominae which is treated as a separate subfamily. The genus Euthrix appears to be paraphyletic. The group of genera similar to Arguda, previously united with Odonestis in the tribe Odonestini, proved to be a separate lineage; contrary to the earlier assumption, the genera do not seem to be related. On the other hand, the genera Argonestis and Odonestis were found to be closely related and therefore were placed in the same tribe. The position of the genus Macrothylacia remains obscure. The genus Stoermeriana de Fr. et Witt is also para- or polyphyletic and consists of several independent lineages whose status remains to be determined. The new classification supports synonymization of Pinarinae with Lasiocampinae. The rank of subfamily is not supported for the Neotropical Macromphaliinae, which is downgraded to a tribe, Macromphaliini stat. n., within Poecilocampinae. The genus Hypopacha, previously considered within Macromphaliinae, is transferred to Poecilocampini; the close relation between Poecilocampini and Macromphaliini is additionally supported by the presence of a member of Poecilocampini in the New World. A new tribe, Argudini Zolotuhin trib. n., is established.\"

}, keywords = {ARGUDA, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CATALOGUE, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUTHRIX, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, HYPOPACHA, LASIOCAMPIDAE, MACROTHYLACIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MINIMUM EVOLUTION, ODONESTIS, PARSIMONY, STOERMERIANA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873812050065}, author = {Zolotuhin, V.V. and Efimov, R.V. and Anikin, V.V. and Demin, A.G. and Knushevitskaya, M.V.} } @article {22394, title = {Systematic position of Bombyx incomposita (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), with notes on its immature biology and hostplant association}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5052}, year = {2021}, month = {10/2021}, pages = {91{\textendash}104}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

\"The immature stages, morphology, and systematic position of Bombyx incomposita (van Eecke, 1929) are reported. The morphology of larva was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogeny was inferred using six genes (COI, CAD, EF-1\α, GAPDH, RpS5, and wgl). The molecular phylogeny strongly supported that B. incomposita is sister to B. huttoni Westwood, 1847. The divergence of the COI barcode, phylogenetic reconstruction, and difference in immature stages support the current classification, in which the species incomposita belongs to the genus Bombyx. We give illustrations of male and female genitalia and briefly discuss the utility of the chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae on taxonomy of silkmoths. The SV group bears six setae in B. mandarina, but eight in B. incomposita. The L1 bears three setae in Rotunda, but just single seta in Bombyx.\"

}, keywords = {BARCODING, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYX, CAD, CHAETOTAXY, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FEMALE GENITALIA, FOODPLANT, GADPH, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, MALAYSIA, MALE GENITALIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, RpS5, VENATION, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5052.1.5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.1.5}, author = {Lin, R.-J. and Lin, Y.-C. and Hsu, Y.-F.} } @article {22187, title = {Ancient incomplete lineage sorting of Hyles and Rhodafra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Organisms Diversity and Evolution}, volume = {20}, year = {2020}, month = {08/2020}, pages = {527-536}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

\"The hawkmoth genus Rhodafra comprises two African species with unclear relationships, as their wing patterns are markedly different, with one species closely resembling species of a related genus, Hyles. The present paper aims to investigate the monophyly and phylogenetic position of Rhodafra in relation to Hyles and other genera of the subtribe Choerocampina (Sphingidae: Macroglossinae: Macroglossini) using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from more species and individuals than have hitherto been studied. As no fresh tissue of Rhodafra was available, ancient-DNA methodology was applied. All data corroborate the genus asmonophyletic and that a similar wing pattern is not a good indicator of close phylogenetic relationship in this group of moths. Phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial data agree in placing Rhodafra within Hyles. In contrast, analysis of nuclear EF1alpha sequences produces a topology in which Rhodafra is placed as the sister clade to Hyles. Although multispecies coalescent analyses suggest a polytomy between Rhodafra, Hyles lineata and the remaining Hyles, total evidence analyses corroborate Rhodafra as sister to Hyles. This relationship is interpreted as the favoured topology. For a more robust result, the question should be re-examined using genomic approaches.\"

}, keywords = {ADNA, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, HYLES, INTROGRESSION, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MTDNA, MULTISPECIES COALESCENT MODELS, RHODAFRA, SPHINGIDAE, TOTAL EVIDENCE, WING PATTERN}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00445-0}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Kitching, I.J.} } @article {22185, title = {Ghosts of glaciers and the disjunct distribution of a threatened California moth (Euproserpinus euterpe)}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

\"The Kern Primrose Sphinx moth (Euproserpinus euterpe) is a threatened moth twice thought to have gone extinct. It was historically known only from a small basin in the southern Sierra Nevada of California, but a new putative population was recently discovered 115 km to the west. Analysis of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA suggest discontinuous genetic breaks between the Kern Primrose Sphinx, its closest relative the Phaeton Sphinx (Euproserpinus phaeton), and at least one additional species discovered during the course of this study. Geographic distance is well correlated with genetic distance within species, but not between species. Genetic discontinuities show the influence of past glacial events and suggest recent range expansions, though not always congruent with other phylogeographic studies from the region. Our phylogeographic results demonstrate that past glacial events, the altitudinal suppression of suitable habitat, and isolation may have been more important than population-level ecological factors such as differences in habitat (e.g. sand dunes, oak forest, montane grasslands) in promoting speciation. Effective conservation of the genetic diversity of the widespread Phaeton Sphinx and its two geographically restricted relatives requires genetic data at the population level because relatively few localized populations harbor most of the genetic variation.\"

}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, COI, CONSERVATION, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUPROSERPINUS, GLACIATION, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, POPULATION GENETICS, SPHINGIDAE, STATISTICAL PARSIMONY, USA, WORLDMAP1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.023}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and San Jose, M. and Johnson, P. and Wells, R. and Osborne, K. and Le Roux, J.J.} } @article {22123, title = {In and out of America: ecological and species diversity in Holarctic giant silkmoths suggests unusual dispersal, defying the dogma of an Asian origin}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {47}, year = {2020}, pages = {903-914}, chapter = {903}, abstract = {

\"Aim: There is growing evidence that the North Atlantic Land Bridge may have had a significant, underappreciated, role in structuring northern hemispheric biodiversity. Understanding the biogeography of less vagile animals with specific habitat requirements could provide fine-scale information about the duration and environmental conditions of both the North Atlantic Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge.
Location: Asia, Europe and North America.
Taxon: Saturnia giant silkmoths. The genus has a relictual distribution from the Neogene, with species and subgenera endemic to subregions across the Northern Hemisphere.
Methods: We sequenced six genes totalling 4,674 base pairs from representatives of all subgenera and augmented this with publicly available COI sequences to build a dataset covering 34 Saturnia species\—about half of the described species. Datasets were subjected to phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic analyses.
Results: We found that adding a \‘jump\’ parameter to a dispersal\–extinction\–cladogenesis (DEC) model results in contradictory biogeographic inferences, with the jump dispersal model being more biologically plausible for Saturnia. We found that Saturnia has a much earlier origin in North America than previously thought, and from there colonized Europe. The most parsimonious scenario involves a relatively recent (19.6\–11.7 Ma) transit across the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and subsequent dispersal across all of Eurasia. Without jump dispersal, Saturnia biogeography requires complex patterns of in situ extinction and recolonization followed by bursts of dispersal and speciation.
Main conclusions: Although it is difficult to verify the appropriate model through fossil data or tectonic histories, allowing jump dispersal in Saturnia moth biogeography invokes far fewer assumptions and indicates the use of both Beringia and the North Atlantic Land Bridge, suggesting the importance of the latter for other groups may be underestimated.\"

}, keywords = {AGAPEMA, BERINGIA, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CACHOSATURNIA, CAD, CALOSATURNIA, CATALOGUE, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, IDH, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, NEORIS, NORTH ATLANTIC LAND BRIDGE, PERISOMENA, PHYLOGENY, RINACA, RpS5, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, WINGLESS}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and Doorenweerd, C.} } @article {22123, title = {Systematics and biogeography reciprocally illuminate taxonomic revisions in the silkmoth genus Saturnia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {74}, year = {2020}, pages = {1-6}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"The Holarctic Saturniid genus Saturnia contains eight subgenera, though their taxonomic ranks have been in flux for decades. A prior biogeographic analysis with a six gene molecular phylogeny of Saturnia including 34 species and representatives of all but one subgenus supports distinct divisions that require taxonomic changes to accurately reflect their biology and phylogeography. In the current study, we add more publicly available COI sequence data to the previous dataset, and include all subgenera, which resulted in a dataset with approximately 67 species. Based on inferred phylogenies of the 34-species and 67-species datasets as well as the biogeographic analyses, we propose to elevate six subgenera to genus level: Agapema Neumoegen \& Dyar 1894 stat. rev., Cachosaturnia Naumann, L\öffler \& N\ässig 2012 stat. nov., Calosaturnia Smith 1886 stat. rev., Neoris Moore 1862 stat. rev., Perisomena Walker 1855 stat. rev., Rinaca Walker 1855 stat. rev. Additionally, we synonymize Eudia Jordan 1911 syn. nov. with Saturnia Schrank 1802 because it renders Saturnia paraphyletic, and confirm the previous synonymization of Eriogyna Jordan 1911 with Saturnia and of Caligula Moore 1862 with Rinaca Walker 1855. With these changes, molecular phylogeny and biogeographic analysis has informed taxonomy of a prominent, but poorly-understood group and revealed how the complex biogeography and active biotic exchange across the northern hemisphere has promoted diversification in previously unrecognized groups.\"

}, keywords = {AGAPEMA, BERINGIA, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CACHOSATURNIA, CAD, CALOSATURNIA, CATALOGUE, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, IDH, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, NEORIS, NORTH ATLANTIC LAND BRIDGE, PERISOMENA, PHYLOGENY, RINACA, RpS5, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, WINGLESS}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and Doorenweerd, C.} } @article {21548, title = {Long-spurred Angraecum orchids and long-tongued sphingid moths on Madagascar: a time frame for Darwin{\textquoteright}s predicted Xanthopan/Angraecum coevolution}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {122}, year = {2017}, month = {07/2017}, pages = {469-478}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

\"Trait matching between the Madagascan orchid Angraecum sesquipedale, with a nectar spur of 33 cm, and a hawkmoth with a tongue almost as long has fascinated biologists since Darwin, who saw only flowers but correctly predicted the moth pollinator. This moth, Xanthopan morgani praedicta, was described from museum specimens in 1903 and documented as the pollinator in photographs and film in 1992 and 2004. However, Madagascar harbours c. 30 species of long-spurred orchids and seven species of long-tongued hawkmoths, and mutualisms between moths and \‘Angraecum and other deep tubular flowers\’ (Darwin, 1862: p. 202) probably involve a network of interacting species. We infer the evolutionary time over which Madagascan sphingids and Angraecum have interacted, based on an orchid phylogeny that includes 62 of 144 Angraecum species on Madagascar and a moth phylogeny with all nine Madagascan Sphinginae. Clock models using either rate- or fossil-based calibrations imply that the Madagascan subspecies X. morgani praedicta and the African morgani diverged 7.4 \± 2.8 Mya, which overlaps the divergence of An. sesquipedale from its sister, Angraecum sororium, namely 7.5 \± 5.2 Mya; since both have extremely long spurs, long spurs probably existed before that. The phylogenies moreover show that several long-tongued moths and long-spurred orchids probably coevolved on Madagascar since the mid-Miocene, although field data on the moths\’ levels of polyphagy and pollen transport are lacking.\"

}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, CAD, COEVOLUTION, COI, DARWIN, DDC, EF-1ALPHA, EVOLUTION, MADAGASCAR, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MOLECULAR CLOCK, ORCHIDACEAE, PHYLOGENY, POLLINATION, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1093/biolinnean/blx086}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx086}, author = {Netz, C. and Renner, S.S.} } @article {21524, title = {Multi-gene phylogeny of the Hemileuca maia complex (Saturniidae) across North America suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {42}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, pages = {621-634}, chapter = {621}, abstract = {

\"The Hemileuca maia species complex occurs across the North American continent and consists of six named taxa, and several others that were recently synonymized. Taxa exhibit a wide span of adult flight periods, dramatic shifts in host-plant use and occur in a range of habitats, all of which would suggest unrecognized diversity. We used one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes to generate 3900 bp per individual, including samples from every ecotype in the species group across the United States from New England to central Florida to California. We assessed phylogenetic relationships using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Results suggest very low levels of divergence across most of the continent and low levels of genetic structure \– even between some recognized species that maintain clear ecological difference in sympatry. Our results suggest that meaningful and localized ecological divergence may occur in the absence of easily recognizable genetic divergence, due to either ongoing gene flow or the recent diversification in the group.\"

}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CAD, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FOODPLANT, HAPLOTYPE NETWORKS, HEMILEUCA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, POPULATION BIOLOGY, RpS5, SATURNIIDAE, USA}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12235}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and San Jose, M. and Peigler, R.S.} } @article {21518, title = {Monophyly, composition, and relationships within Saturniinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): evidence from two nuclear genes}, journal = {Insect Systematics \& Evolution}, volume = {33}, year = {2002}, pages = {9-21}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

\"The approximately 1500 species of Saturniidae or wild silk moths, which include some of the largest of all lepidopterans, have provided important model systems for studies of ecology, developmental genetics, and behavior. Such studies would benefit from a robust comparative framework, but there has been little phylogenetic analysis of this family. To address this, we use nuclear gene sequences to test hypotheses about the monophyly and internal relationships of the large and geographically widespread subfamily Saturniinae (63 genera, 644 spp.). Extending our previous examination of the genera of Attacini, we analyze coding sequence from elongation factor-1\α (1240 nt) and dopa decarboxylase (typically 1051 nt) in 64 species representing four of five tribes in Saturniinae, 11 of 16 genera in Saturniini, and outgroups in Saturniidae and other bombycoids. The results support a recent postulate that Saturniinae, largely Oriental and Palearctic in distribution, should include the African Micragonini. The alternative that Micragonini or some subgroup thereof constitute its own subfamily (previously called Ludiinae) is shown to result in a paraphyletic Saturniinae. Micragonini group strongly with the tribe Bunaeini, also African. Monophyly for Saturniinae, including Micragonini, is strongly supported, as is a basal split between Attacini + Saturniini and Bunaeini + Micragonini. As a consequence, a postulated affinity to the African tribes of two Madagascan endemic Saturniini, thus rendering Saturniini paraphyletic, is rejected. However, there is no strong evidence either way on monophyly of Saturniini versus paraphyly with respect to the clearly monophyletic Attacini (atlas moths and relatives). This result reflects generally weak resolution of deeper divergences in Saturnini. Several lower-level groupings within Saturniini are strongly corroborated, including the tailed-hindwinged \&$\#$39;moon moths\&$\#$39; (Argema, Actias, Graellsia) that specialize on resinous hostplants, and Saturnia sensu lato, a consolidation of eight small, former genera.\"

}, keywords = {DDC, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, PHYLOGENY, SATURNIIDAE, SATURNIINAE}, doi = { 10.1163/187631202X00028}, author = {Regier, J.C. and Mitter, C. and Peigler, R.S. and Friedlander, T.P.} } @article {21516, title = {Elusive ditrysian phylogeny: an account of combining systematized morphology with molecular data (Lepidoptera)}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {260}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

\"Background: Ditrysia comprise close to 99 \% of all butterflies and moths. The evolutionary relationships among the ditrysian superfamilies have received considerable attention in phylogenetic studies based on DNA and transcriptomic data, but the deepest divergences remain for large parts unresolved or contradictory. To obtain complementary insight into the evolutionary history of the clade, and to test previous hypotheses on the subdivision of Ditrysia based on morphology, we examine the morphology of larvae, pupae and adult males and females of 318 taxa representing nearly all ditrysian superfamilies and families. We present the most comprehensive morphological dataset on Ditrysia to date, consisting of over 500 morphological characters. The data are analyzed alone and combined with sequence data (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear protein-coding gene regions, sequenced from 422 taxa). The full dataset consists of 473 exemplar species. Analyses are performed using maximum likelihood methods, and parsimony methods for the morphological dataset. We explore whether combining morphological data and DNA-data can stabilize taxa that are unstable in phylogenetic studies based on genetic data only.

Results: Morphological characters are found phylogenetically informative in resolving apical nodes (superfamilies and families), but characters serving as evidence of relatedness of larger assemblages are few. Results include the recovery of a monophyletic Tineoidea, Sesioidea and Cossoidea, and a stable position for some unstable taxa (e.g. Epipyropidae, Cyclotornidae, Urodoidea + Schreckensteinioidea). Several such taxa, however, remain unstable even though morphological characters indicate a position in the tree (e.g. Immidae). Evidence supporting affinities between clades are suggested, e.g. a novel larval synapomorphy for Tineidae. We also propose the synonymy of Tineodidae with Alucitidae, syn. nov.

Conclusions: The large morphological dataset provides information on the diversity and distribution of morphological traits in Ditrysia, and can be used in future research on the evolution of these traits, in identification keys and in identification of fossil Lepidoptera. The \“backbone\” of the phylogeny for Ditrysia remains largely unresolved. As previously proposed as an explanation for the scarcity of molecular signal in resolving the deeper nodes, this may be due to the rapid radiation of Ditrysia in the Cretaceous.\"

}, keywords = {ADULT MORPHOLOGY, ALUCITIDAE, CAD, COI, DITRYSIA, DIVERGENCE TIMES, EF-1ALPHA, GAPDH, IDH, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, LEPIDOPTERA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MDH, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, ROGUE TAXA, RpS5, TINEODIDAE, TOTAL EVIDENCE}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-015-0520-0}, author = {Heikkil{\"a}, M. and Mutanen, M. and Wahlberg, N. and Sihvonen, P. and Kaila, L.} } @article {21497, title = {Molecular phylogeny of Anthelidae and other bombycoid taxa (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {2008}, pages = {190-209}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

\"Based on DNA sequences of the fusion protein carbamoylphosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase (CAD; 680 bp) and elongation factor-1\α (Ef-1\α; 1240 bp); the first molecular phylogeny of the moth family Anthelidae and its placement within the Bombycoidea sensu Brock (1971) (= bombycoid complex sensu Minet, 1994) is proposed. The results strongly support the monophyly of the family Anthelidae and its subfamilies Munychryiinae and Anthelinae, but demonstrate the vast polyphyly of its main genus Anthela Walker, 1855. The proposed phylogeny suggests that grass feeding, as apparent from some pest records, probably is an ancestral trait within the subfamily Anthelinae. Evolutionary relationships of the family Anthelidae and of most parts of the Bombycoidea remain obscure. However, the results contradict many of the widely accepted phylogenetic hypotheses within the Bombycoidea proposed by Minet (1994: Entomologica scandinavica, 25, 63\–88). The Brahmaeidae are paraphyletic relative to the Lemoniidae (syn.nov.), and the current concept of Bombycidae is polyphyletic, with the bombycid subfamily Apatelodinae being part of a monophylum comprising Brahmaeidae / Lemoniidae, Eupterotidae and Apatelodidae (stat.rev.).\"

}, keywords = {ANTHELA, ANTHELIDAE; APATELODIDAE, BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYCOIDEA, BRAHMAEIDAE, CAD, CLASSIFICATION, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FOODPLANT EVOLUTION, LEMONIIDAE, PHYLOGENY}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00410.x}, author = {Zwick, A.} } @article {21257, title = {The evolutionary history of Biston suppressaria (Guen{\'e}e) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) related to complex topography and geological history}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {41}, year = {2016}, pages = {732-743}, chapter = {732}, abstract = {

\"The Mountains of Southwest China (MSC) \– the most important mountain system in East Asia \– creates physical barriers to migration and isolates organisms in different regions. In this study, we explored the genetic structure and phylogeography of Biston suppressaria, a moth species widely distributed in MSC and south China, based on three mtDNA and three ncDNA loci. MtDNA revealed high genetic differentiation among the geographical populations and divided B. suppressaria into five phylogroups (A\–E).With the exception of phylogroups B and E which are sympatric, the other three phylogroups have their own distinct distribution areas. Four population differentiations occurred, and the divergence time was consistent with the three phases of the Qinghai\–Tibet Movement and Kunhuang Movement, respectively. In contrast, ncDNA did not reveal any phylogeographical structure. Incomplete lineage sorting is considered the most plausible cause of the discordance between mtDNA and ncDNA genes, after excluding secondary admixture and Wolbachia infection. A complex combination of topography and geological movements of south China and MSC contributes to the complex evolutionary history of B. suppressaria.\"

}, keywords = {ANCESTRAL AREAS ANALYSIS, BIOGEOGRAPHY, BISTON, CHINA, COI, CYTOCHROME B, EF-1ALPHA, GADPH, GEOMETRIDAE, HAPLOTYPE NETWORKS, MTDNA, NADH DEHYDROGENASE, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, POPULATION GENETICS, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12184}, author = {Cheng, R. and Jiang, N. and Xue, D. and Li, X. and Ban, X. and Han, H.} } @article {21246, title = {DNA data and morphology reveal the existence of Kentrochrysalis streckeri Staudinger, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) instead of K. consimilis in South Korea}, journal = {Entomological Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, pages = {210-219}, chapter = {210}, keywords = {BARCODING, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FEMALE GENITALIA, KENTROCHRYSALIS, MALE GENITALIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, SOUTH KOREA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/1748-5967.12167}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1748-5967.12167/full}, author = {Kim, M.J. and Kim, S.-S. and Choi, S.-W. and Cho, Y. and Kim, I.} } @article {20886, title = {A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, pages = {401-408}, chapter = {401}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BEHAVIOUR, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, COI, DEFENCE, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUMORPHA, EYESPOT, IMMATURE STAGES, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MIMICRY, PHYLOGENY, RASP, RAXML, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12111}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12111}, author = {Ponce, F.V. and Breinholt, J.W. and Hossie, T. and Barber, J.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {19852, title = {Evidence of repeated and independent saltational evolution in a peculiar genus of sphinx moths (Proserpinus: Sphingidae)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {e4035}, chapter = {e4035}, abstract = {

\"Background: Saltational evolution in which a particular lineage undergoes relatively rapid, significant, and unparalleled change as compared with its closest relatives is rarely invoked as an alternative model to the dominant paradigm of gradualistic evolution. Identifying saltational events is an important first-step in assessing the importance of this discontinuous model in generating evolutionary novelty. We offer evidence for three independent instances of saltational evolution in a charismatic moth genus with only eight species.

Methodology/Principal Findings: Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian search criteria offered congruent, well supported phylogenies based on 1,965 base pairs of DNA sequence using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I, and the nuclear genes elongation factor-1 alpha and wingless. Using a comparative methods approach, we examined three taxa exhibiting novelty in the form of Batesian mimicry, host plant shift, and dramatic physiological differences in light of the phylogenetic data. All three traits appear to have evolved relatively rapidly and independently in three different species of Proserpinus. Each saltational species exhibits a markedly different and discrete example of discontinuous trait evolution while remaining canalized for other typical traits shared by the rest of the genus. All three saltational taxa show insignificantly different levels of overall genetic change as compared with their congeners, implying that their divergence is targeted to particular traits and not genome-wide.

Conclusions/Significance: Such rapid evolution of novel traits in individual species suggests that the pace of evolution can be quick, dramatic, and isolated\—even on the species level. These results may be applicable to other groups in which specific taxa have generated pronounced evolutionary novelty. Genetic mechanisms and methods for assessing such relatively rapid changes are postulated.\"

}, keywords = {ARCTONOTUS, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COI, DISPERSAL, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FOODPLANT EVOLUTION, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MIMICRY, PARSIMONY, PHENOLOGY, PHYLOGENY, PROSERPINUS, RELATIVE RATE TEST, SALTATIONAL EVOLUTION, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0004035}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and Le Roux, J.J.} } @article {19854, title = {Phylogenetics and species status of Hawai{\textquoteleft}i{\textquoteright}s endangered Blackburn{\textquoteright}s Sphinx Moth, Manduca blackburni (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Pacific Science}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {31-41}, chapter = {31}, keywords = {BARCODING, CAD, COI, EF-1ALPHA, HAWAII, MANDUCA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, USA, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.2984/66.1.2}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and San Jose, M. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {19853, title = {Synonomization [sic] of the euphonious Arctonotus Boisduval, 1852 (Sphingidae: Macroglossinae) based on molecular phylogenetic analysis}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {63}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {233-235}, chapter = {233}, keywords = {ARCTONOTUS, CATALOGUE, COI, EF-1ALPHA, PHYLOGENY, PROSERPINUS, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, url = {https://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/2000s/2009/2009-63-4-233.pdf}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and Osborne, K.H. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {19695, title = {Re: phylogenetic relationships in Sphingidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera): initial evidence from two nuclear genes}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {20}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {311-316}, type = {Letter to the editor}, chapter = {311}, keywords = {BOMBYCOIDEA, CLASSIFICATION, DDC, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PARSIMONY, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1006/mpev.2001.0963}, author = {Regier, J.C. and Mitter, C. and Friedlander, T.P. and Peigler, R.S.} } @mastersthesis {18815, title = {A molecular phylogeny of the hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of Madagascar and correlates of endemism}, volume = {MSc}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {42 + [28]}, school = {Imperial College}, address = {London}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, COI, CRYPTIC SPECIES, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, ENDEMISM, MADAGASCAR, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, RHAGASTIS, SPHINGIDAE, WING LOADING, WINGLESS, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Koch, H.} } @article {18694, title = {Evolution of Manduca sexta hornworms and relatives: biogeographical analysis reveals an ancestral diversification in Central America}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {68}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {381-386}, chapter = {381}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, MANDUCA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PEST, RASP, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.017}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.017}, author = {Kawahara, A.Y. and Breinholt, J.W. and Ponce, F.V. and Haxaire, J. and Lei, X. and Lamarre, G.P.A. and Rubinoff, D. and Kitching, I.J.} } @article {18695, title = {Phylogeny and biogeography of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): evidence from five nuclear genes}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {4}, year = {2009}, note = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005719; ; ;}, month = {2009}, pages = {e5719}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, CLASSIFICATION, DDC, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PARSIMONY, PERIOD, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, author = {Kawahara, A. Y. and Mignault, A. A. and Regier, J. C. and Kitching, I. J. and Mitter, C.} } @article {18532, title = {A revised molecular phylogeny of the globally distributed hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {52}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {852-865}, chapter = {852}, keywords = {AUSTRALIA, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COI, COII, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, HAWAII, HYLES, MADAGASCAR, MTDNA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, TRNA(LEU), WORLDMAP1}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Rubinoff, D. and Atti{\'e}, M. and Wink, M. and Kitching, I.J.} }