@article {23057, title = {Look but do not touch: the occurrence of venomous species across Lepidoptera}, journal = {Entomologia Generalis}, volume = {44}, year = {2024}, month = {6/03/2024}, pages = {29-39}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

\"Lepidoptera can cause several health issues in humans and domestic animals due to their setae, which are defensive adaptations that protect them from predators. The diversity of venomous Lepidoptera has been explored in several reviews starting from the first comprehensive attempt in 1984 by Kawamoto and Kumada (KK) who compiled a list of 228 species based on previous reviews; however, KK did not cite the original publications for listed species. In this review we validated and updated the KK table. The updated list of venomous Lepidoptera includes 5 superfamilies, 14 families, 208 genera, and 576 species, representing a two-fold increase for genera and 2.9-fold for species with respect to KK. The total number of species in the genera including at least one venomous species, which we argue is likely closer to the true number of venomous species, is 7 times higher (3,620). GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) occurrences for venomous species are 1\–4 orders of magnitude higher than those of confamilial non-venomous species. The presence of venomous structures is independent of the relatedness of the clades or geographic region; venom is produced by many species of Zygaenoidea, Lasiocampoidea and Bombycoidea but only by some specialized groups in Papilionoidea and Noctuoidea. There are likely to be multiple evolutionary origins of venom within Lepidoptera, but the exact number is difficult to estimate. The knowledge gap between medical and natural history fields needs to be addressed with novel approaches to study ecology and toxicology. This review offers health practitioners a tool to better understand the origin of the reactions observed and to improve the identification of the causal agents.\"

}, keywords = {ANTHELIDAE, DEFENCE, EUPTEROTIDAE, LASIOCAMPIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA, PREDATION, SATURNIIDAE, SETAE, URTICATION, VENOM}, doi = {10.1127/entomologia/2023/2295}, author = {Battisti, A and Walker, A.A. and Uemura, M. and Zalucki, M.P. and Brinquin, A.-S. and Caparros-Megidos, R. and Gachet, E. and Kerdelhu{\'e}, C. and Desneux, N.} } @unpublished {22378, title = {Anti-bat ultrasound production in moths is globally and phylogenetically widespread}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, pages = {1-31}, type = {bioRxiv preprint}, abstract = {

\"Warning signals are well known in the visual system, but rare in other modalities. Some moths produce ultrasonic sounds to warn bats of noxious taste or to mimic unpalatable models. Here we report results from a long-term study across the globe, assaying moth response to playback of bat echolocation. We tested 252 genera, spanning most families of large-bodied moths, and outline anti-bat ultrasound production in 52 genera, with eight new subfamily origins described. Based on acoustic analysis of ultrasonic emissions and palatability experiments with bats, it seems that acoustic warning and mimicry are the raison d\&$\#$39;etre for sound production in most moths. However, some moths use high-density ultrasound capable of jamming bat sonar. In fact, we find preliminary evidence of independent origins of sonar jamming in at least six subfamilies. Palatability data indicates that jamming and warning are not mutually exclusive strategies. To explore the possible organization of anti-bat warning sounds into acoustic mimicry rings, we intensively studied a community of moths in Ecuador and found five distinct acoustic clusters using machine learning algorithms. While these data represent an early understanding of acoustic aposematism and mimicry across this megadiverse insect order, it is likely that ultrasonically-signaling moths comprise one of the largest mimicry complexes on earth.\"

}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, APOSEMATISM, BATS, DEFENCE, DIVERSITY, EREBIDAE, EVOLUTION, HEARING, JAMMING, LEPIDOPTERA, MIMICRY, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, TYMBAL ORGANS, ULTRASONICS}, doi = {10.1101/2021.09.20.460855}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.20.460855}, author = {Barber, J.R. and Plotkin, D. and Rubin, J.J. and Homziak, N.T. and Leavell, B.C. and Houlihan, P. and Miner, K.A. and Breinholt, J.W. and Quirk-Royal, B. and Padr{\'o}n, P.S. and Nunez, M. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {22236, title = {Die Wehrdr{\"u}sen der Raupen von Attacus lorquinii C. \& R. Felder, 1861 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {18}, year = {2020}, month = {11/2020}, pages = {306-312}, chapter = {306}, abstract = {

\"The life-history of Attacus lorquinii lorquinii C. \& R. FELDER, 1861 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from Marinduque, Philippines was already described by U. \& L. H. Paukstadt (2017). In autumn 2020 A. lorquinii was reared successfully by the authors and further observations on the defensive glands of the larvae were recorded and some pictures were taken. These additional observations and illustrations are intended to supplement our previous contribution on the defensive glands of the larvae of this giant silkmoth. Because of the special morphology of the defensive glands in comparison with those of other species in this genus, we assume that A. lorquinii represents the most plesiomorphic species within the genus Attacus LINNAEUS, 1767. A. lorquinii and A. suparmani PAUKSTADT \& PAUKSTADT, 2002 (Alor I., Indonesia) could have had the same ancestor.\"

}, keywords = {ATTACUS, DEFENCE, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI}, author = {Paukstadt, U. and Paukstadt, L.H.} } @article {21731, title = {Community structure of insect herbivores is driven by conservatism, escalation and divergence of defensive traits in Ficus}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, year = {2017}, type = {Early view}, abstract = {

\"Escalation (macroevolutionary increase) or divergence (disparity between relatives) in trait values are two frequent outcomes of the plant-herbivore arms race. We studied the defences and caterpillars associated with 21 sympatric New Guinean figs. Herbivore generalists were concentrated on hosts with low protease and oxidative activity. The distribution of specialists correlated with phylogeny, protease and trichomes. Additionally, highly specialised Asota moths used alkaloid rich plants. The evolution of proteases was conserved, alkaloid diversity has escalated across the studied species, oxidative activity has escalated within one clade, and trichomes have diverged across the phylogeny. Herbivore specificity correlated with their response to host defences: escalating traits largely affected\  generalists and divergent traits specialists; but the effect of escalating traits on extreme specialists was positive. In turn, the evolution of defences in Ficus can be driven towards both escalation and divergence in individual traits, in combination providing protection against a broad spectrum of herbivores.\"

}, keywords = {AGANAINAE, ALKALOIDS, ASOTA, CHOREUTIDAE, COEVOLUTION, CYSTEINE PROTEASE, DEFENCE, EREBIDAE, FICUS, FOODPLANT SPECIFICITY, HERBIVORY, MORACEAE, NEW GUINEA, POLYPHENOLS, PYRALOIDEA, TRAITS, TRICHOMES}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12875}, author = {Volf, M. and Segar, S.T. and Miller, S.E. and Isua, B. and Sisol, M. and Aubona, G. and {\v S}imek, P. and Moos, M. and Laitila, L. and Kim, J. and Zima_Jr, J. and Rota, J. and Weiblen, G.D. and Wossa, S. and Salminen, J.-P. and Basset, Y. and Novotny, V.} } @article {21673, title = {Die Wehrdr{\"u}sen der Altraupe von Attacus crameri C. Felder in von Frauenfeld, 1861 von Ambon, Indonesien (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, month = {11/2017}, pages = {194-201}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

\"Larvae of Attacus crameri C. FELDER in von Frauenfeld, 1861 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) were collected by the author on the island of Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia. A. crameri is a rare species of the genus Attacus LINNAEUS 1767 of the tribe Attacini BLANCHARD, 1840. This species is distributed on the islands of Ambon and Seram, central Moluccas. The distribution on further islands in the Moluccas, which is recorded in literature needs confirmation. For the first time being the function of defensive glands was examined at fresh outdoor (wild) larvae of this species. A few 5th instar larvae were collected on the island of Ambon during the trade winds in July 2017. That means that the larvae (and the author) encountered heavy rain 24 hours daily. 5th instar larvae were not immediately examined regarding defensive glands because no equipment has been available to carry out the examination and documentation. The larvae were taken to West Java were they immediately molted from 5th to 6th larval instar. Three larvae were kept indoors and three larvae outdoors, both groups on Ligustrum ovalifolium HASSK. (Oleaceae). After two days all outdoor larvae were found being attacked by very tiny ants (Formicidae) and dead. We have to point out that this ant species is certainly not a primary enemy of A. crameri larvae because the ants probably do not occur in the wild but in residential areas only. The 6th instar larvae were examined regarding defensive glands. It was found that the defensive glands were already activated during transport indicated by black residues of the secretion at the defensive gland complexes at the 9th and 10th (anal plate) abdominal segments. Contrary to previous observations, cf. L. H. \& U. Paukstadt (1997), two further defensive glands / gland complexes were found being present at the 6th instar larvae. Those are at the caudal end of the anal plate. During manipulation of the reduced scoli no droplets emerged from the glands but its surface became \“wet\”. This might indicates that a small quantity of secretion most probably emerged. On the other hands, after transportation the surface of the aftmost reduced scoli has been found with black residues of the secretion as at other reduced scoli of the 9th and 10th abdominal segments of the larva. As in A. lorquinii C. \& R. FELDER, 1861 and other species of the genus Attacus a well developed eighth row of scoli is present ventrolaterally at the thoracic and the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments which is almost missing in A. caesar MAASSEN, 1873 and much reduced in A. erebus FRUHSTORFER, 1904 and A. selayarensis NAUMANN \& PEIGLER, 2012. A further observation has been made on the coloration of scoli different from a previous description. The bases of some dorsal and subdorsal scoli are pale violet colored at the 5th instar larvae and the bases of the dorsal and subdorsal scoli are pale orange colored at the 6th instar larvae. The 5th and the 6th instar larvae and details of the defensive glands are illustrated in color.\"

}, keywords = {AMBON, ATTACUS, DEFENCE, EXOCRINE GLANDS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, INDONESIA, MOLUCCAS, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI}, issn = {1612-2674}, author = {Paukstadt, U. and Paukstadt, L.H.} } @article {21570, title = {Die Pr{\"a}imaginalstadien von Attacus lorquinii C. \& R. Felder, 1861 von der Insel Marinduque, Philippinen, unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Wehrdr{\"u}sen der Raupen (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, pages = {135-169}, chapter = {135}, keywords = {ATTACUS, CHORION, DEFENCE, EXOCRINE GLANDS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, LIFE HISTORY, PHILIPPINES, PUPA, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI}, issn = {1612-2674}, author = {Paukstadt, U. and Paukstadt, L.H.} } @article {21566, title = {Neue Beobachtungen zu den Wehrdr{\"u}sen bei Raupen von Attacus paraliae Peigler, 1986 von der Insel Peling, Banggai Archipel, Indonesien (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, pages = {91-118}, chapter = {91}, keywords = {ATTACUS, BANGGAI ISLANDS, DEFENCE, EXOCRINE GLANDS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, INDONESIA, LIFE HISTORY, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI}, issn = {1612-2674}, author = {Paukstadt, U. and Paukstadt, L.H.} } @article {21492, title = {Tarn- und Warnverhalten bei Amphimoea walkeri (Boisduval, 1875) und anderen Cocytiina (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {127}, year = {2017}, pages = {121-125}, chapter = {121}, keywords = {AMPHIMOEA, BEHAVIOUR, COSTA RICA, DEFENCE, MIMICRY, SPHINGIDAE, WARNING BEHAVIOUR}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {21200, title = {Die Pr{\"a}imaginalstadien von Attacus caesar Maassen, 1873 von de Philippinen unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Wehrdr{\"u}sen der Raupen (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, pages = {135-172}, chapter = {135}, keywords = {ATTACUS, COCOON, DEFENCE, EGGS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, LIFE HISTORY, PHILIPPINES, PUPA, REARING, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI}, author = {Paukstadt, U. and Paukstadt, L.H.} } @article {21200, title = {Die Pr{\"a}imaginalstadien von Attacus dohertyi W. Rothschild, 1895 von Timor, {\"o}stliche Kleine Sundainseln, Indonesien (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, pages = {95-132}, chapter = {95}, keywords = {ATTACUS, COCOON, DEFENCE, EGGS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, INDONESIA, LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS, LIFE HISTORY, PUPA, REARING, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI, TIMOR, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Paukstadt, L.H. and Paukstadt, U.} } @article {21183, title = {Body size affects the evolution of eyespots in caterpillars}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {6664-6669}, chapter = {6664}, abstract = {

\"Many caterpillars have conspicuous eye-like markings, called eyespots. Despite recent work demonstrating the efficacy of eyespots in deterring predator attack, a fundamental question remains: Given their protective benefits, why have eyespots not evolved in more caterpillars? Using a phylogenetically controlled analysis of hawkmoth caterpillars, we show that eyespots are associated with large body size. This relationship could arise because (i) large prey are innately conspicuous; (ii) large prey are more profitable, and thus face stronger selection to evolve such defenses; and/or (iii) eyespots are more effective on large-bodied prey. To evaluate these hypotheses, we exposed small and large caterpillar models with and without eyespots in a 2 \× 2 factorial design to avian predators in the field. Overall, eyespots increased prey mortality, but the effect was particularly marked in small prey, and eyespots decreased mortality of large prey in some microhabitats. We then exposed artificial prey to na\ïve domestic chicks in a laboratory setting following a 2 \× 3 design (small or large size \× no, small, or large eyespots). Predators attacked small prey with eyespots more quickly, but were more wary of large caterpillars with large eyespots than those without eyespots or with small eyespots. Taken together, these data suggest that eyespots are effective deterrents only when both prey and eyespots are large, and that innate aversion toward eyespots is conditional. We conclude that the distribution of eyespots in nature likely results from selection against eyespots in small caterpillars and selection for eyespots in large caterpillars (at least in some microhabitats).\"

}, keywords = {ANOVA, DEFENCE, EVOLUTION, EYESPOT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MIMICRY, PREDATION, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1415121112}, author = {Hossie, T.J. and Skelhorn, J. and Breinholt, J.W. and Kawahara, A.Y. and Sherratt, T.N.} } @article {21180, title = {Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism in Antheraea polyphemus and other Bombycoidea}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {210}, year = {2007}, pages = {993-1005}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

\"Acoustic signals produced by caterpillars have been documented for over 100 years, but in the majority of cases their significance is unknown. This study is the first to experimentally examine the phenomenon of audible sound production in larval Lepidoptera, focusing on a common silkmoth caterpillar, Antheraea polyphemus (Saturniidae). Larvae produce airborne sounds, resembling \‘clicks\’, with their mandibles. Larvae typically signal multiple times in quick\  succession, producing trains that last over 1\·min and include 50\–55 clicks. Individual clicks within a train are on average 24.7\·ms in duration, often consisting of multiple components. Clicks are audible in a quiet room, measuring 58.1\–78.8\·dB\·peSPL at 10\·cm. They exhibit a broadband frequency that extends into the ultrasound spectrum, with most energy between 8 and 18\·kHz. Our hypothesis that clicks function as acoustic aposematic signals, was supported by several lines of evidence. Experiments with forceps and domestic chicks correlated sound production with attack, and an increase in attack rate was positively\  correlated with the number of signals produced. In addition, sound production typically preceded or accompanied defensive regurgitation. Bioassays with invertebrates (ants) and vertebrates (mice) revealed that the regurgitant is deterrent to would-be predators. Comparative evidence revealed that other Bombycoidea species, including Actias luna (Saturniidae) and Manduca sexta (Sphingidae), also produce airborne sounds upon attack, and that these sounds precede regurgitation. The prevalence and adaptive significance of warning sounds in caterpillars is discussed.\"

}, keywords = {ACTIAS, ANTHERAEA, APOSEMATISM, DEFENCE, IMMATURE STAGES, MANDUCA, REGURGITATION, SATURNIIDAE, SOUND PRODUCTION, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.001990}, author = {Brown, S.G. and Boettner, G.H. and Yack, J.E.} } @article {21098, title = {Die Pr{\"a}imaginalstadien von Attacus suparmani Paukstadt \& Paukstadt, 2002 von Alor, {\"o}stliche Kleine Sundainseln, Indonesien (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der wilden Seidenspinner}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, month = {04/2016}, pages = {43-79}, chapter = {43}, keywords = {ALOR, ATTACUS, COCOON, DEFENCE, EXOCRINE GLANDS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, INDONESIA, LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS, LIFE HISTORY, PANTAR, PUPA, SATURNIIDAE, SCOLI}, author = {Paukstadt, L.H. and Paukstadt, U.} } @article {20925, title = {Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {6407-6412}, chapter = {6407}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, AMBULYX, ANCESTRAL STATE RECONSTRUCTION, BATS, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CECHETRA, DEFENCE, DIVERGENCE TIMES, DNA, EPTESICUS, HYLES, JAMMING, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, PSILOGRAMMA, RAXML, SONOGRAM, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, ULTRASONICS, XYLOPHANES}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1416679112}, author = {Kawahara, A.Y. and Barber, J.R.} } @article {20886, title = {A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, pages = {401-408}, chapter = {401}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BEHAVIOUR, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, COI, DEFENCE, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUMORPHA, EYESPOT, IMMATURE STAGES, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MIMICRY, PHYLOGENY, RASP, RAXML, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12111}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12111}, author = {Ponce, F.V. and Breinholt, J.W. and Hossie, T. and Barber, J.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {20629, title = {Hindtibial defensive spurs in the neotropical sphinx moth {IAmplypterus gannascus}?}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {36}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {155-157}, keywords = {ADHEMARIUS, BEHAVIOUR, DEFENCE, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Young, A. M.} } @article {19256, title = {An unusual threat-action in a Japanese moth, Smerinthus planus Walker (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)}, journal = {Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan}, volume = {58}, year = {2007}, month = {01/2007}, pages = {43-46}, chapter = {43}, keywords = {CALLAMBULYX, DEFENCE, EYESPOT, JAPAN, MARUMBA, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/lepid/58/1/58_KJ00005153063/_pdf/-char/en}, author = {Miyata, A.} } @article {18819, title = {N{\"a}chtliche Beobachtungen des asiatischen Totenkopfschw{\"a}rmers (Acherontia lachesis Fabricius, 1798) an V{\"o}lkern der Riesenhonigbiene (Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793)}, journal = {Apidologie}, volume = {30}, year = {1999}, note = {Abstract; ; ;}, month = {1999}, pages = {446-447}, chapter = {446}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, APIDAE, APIS, CLEPTOPARASITISM, DEFENCE, HISSING, SABAH, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Koeniger, N. and Koeniger, G. and Tingek, S. and Kelitu, A.} } @article {18600, title = {Two potential coral snake mimics in a tropical deciduous forest}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {12}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {77-78}, keywords = {BEHAVIOUR, DEFENCE, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, PREDATION, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Janzen, D. H.} } @article {18534, title = {Sequestration of phorbol esters by aposematic larvae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)?}, journal = {Chemoecology}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {261-267}, chapter = {261}, abstract = {

\"The larvae of the hawkmoth species Hyles euphorbiae have a conspicuous aposematic colouration and show gregarious behaviour. It has thus been suggested that they sequester phorbol esters from their food plants which include different species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) for chemical protection against predators. To test this hypothesis in more detail, we fed larvae an artificial diet with three doses of 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), then examined the faeces and the larval tissues, such as integument, haemolymph and gut of the caterpillars for the presence of TPA. In order to determine the ability of the larvae to detoxify phorbol esters, other larvae were directly injected with a TPA solution and analysed in the same manner. Our study indicates that the larvae of Hyles euphorbiae do not sequester phorbol esters. Upon oral application TPA was not found in the larval integument or the haemolymph. Instead, it was mostly metabolised (about 70\–90\%). Nevertheless, about 10-30\% were retained and recovered in the faeces. The larvae were also able to metabolise and thus detoxify the phorbol ester when TPA was injected directly into the body. These hawkmoth caterpillars are relatively large and have a gut full of plant material, which they regurgitate into the direction of the predator when attacked in nature. Since phorbol esters are very potent toxins and irritants, we postulate that the gut content (and especially the plant slurry disgorged as regurgitant from the anterior gut) alone could be aversive for a potential predator, even if some metabolism has taken place. Thus, although H. euphorbiae caterpillars do not actively sequester phorbol esters, their aposematic colouration appears to be based on chemical defence through phorbol esters retained in the gut.\"

}, keywords = {APOSEMATISM, DEFENCE, HYLES, PHORBOL ESTER, SEQUESTRATION, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1007/s00049-005-0321-9}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Tshibangu, J.N. and Wetterauer, B. and Wink, M.} } @article {17376, title = {Die Schlangen Mimikry einer s{\"u}damerikanischen Schw{\"a}rmerraupe}, journal = {Natur und Museum. Frankfurt}, volume = {95}, year = {1965}, month = {1965}, pages = {207-211}, keywords = {DEFENCE, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MIMICRY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Curio, E.} } @article {16773, title = {Hawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound}, journal = {Biology Letters}, volume = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {20130161}, chapter = {20130161}, keywords = {BATS, DEFENCE, MALE GENITALIA, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, STRIDULATORY SCALES, ULTRASONICS}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161}, author = {Barber, J.R. and Kawahara, A.Y.} }