@article {22394, title = {Systematic position of Bombyx incomposita (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), with notes on its immature biology and hostplant association}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5052}, year = {2021}, month = {10/2021}, pages = {91{\textendash}104}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

\"The immature stages, morphology, and systematic position of Bombyx incomposita (van Eecke, 1929) are reported. The morphology of larva was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogeny was inferred using six genes (COI, CAD, EF-1\α, GAPDH, RpS5, and wgl). The molecular phylogeny strongly supported that B. incomposita is sister to B. huttoni Westwood, 1847. The divergence of the COI barcode, phylogenetic reconstruction, and difference in immature stages support the current classification, in which the species incomposita belongs to the genus Bombyx. We give illustrations of male and female genitalia and briefly discuss the utility of the chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae on taxonomy of silkmoths. The SV group bears six setae in B. mandarina, but eight in B. incomposita. The L1 bears three setae in Rotunda, but just single seta in Bombyx.\"

}, keywords = {BARCODING, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYX, CAD, CHAETOTAXY, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FEMALE GENITALIA, FOODPLANT, GADPH, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, MALAYSIA, MALE GENITALIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, RpS5, VENATION, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5052.1.5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.1.5}, author = {Lin, R.-J. and Lin, Y.-C. and Hsu, Y.-F.} } @article {22123, title = {In and out of America: ecological and species diversity in Holarctic giant silkmoths suggests unusual dispersal, defying the dogma of an Asian origin}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {47}, year = {2020}, pages = {903-914}, chapter = {903}, abstract = {

\"Aim: There is growing evidence that the North Atlantic Land Bridge may have had a significant, underappreciated, role in structuring northern hemispheric biodiversity. Understanding the biogeography of less vagile animals with specific habitat requirements could provide fine-scale information about the duration and environmental conditions of both the North Atlantic Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge.
Location: Asia, Europe and North America.
Taxon: Saturnia giant silkmoths. The genus has a relictual distribution from the Neogene, with species and subgenera endemic to subregions across the Northern Hemisphere.
Methods: We sequenced six genes totalling 4,674 base pairs from representatives of all subgenera and augmented this with publicly available COI sequences to build a dataset covering 34 Saturnia species\—about half of the described species. Datasets were subjected to phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic analyses.
Results: We found that adding a \‘jump\’ parameter to a dispersal\–extinction\–cladogenesis (DEC) model results in contradictory biogeographic inferences, with the jump dispersal model being more biologically plausible for Saturnia. We found that Saturnia has a much earlier origin in North America than previously thought, and from there colonized Europe. The most parsimonious scenario involves a relatively recent (19.6\–11.7 Ma) transit across the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and subsequent dispersal across all of Eurasia. Without jump dispersal, Saturnia biogeography requires complex patterns of in situ extinction and recolonization followed by bursts of dispersal and speciation.
Main conclusions: Although it is difficult to verify the appropriate model through fossil data or tectonic histories, allowing jump dispersal in Saturnia moth biogeography invokes far fewer assumptions and indicates the use of both Beringia and the North Atlantic Land Bridge, suggesting the importance of the latter for other groups may be underestimated.\"

}, keywords = {AGAPEMA, BERINGIA, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CACHOSATURNIA, CAD, CALOSATURNIA, CATALOGUE, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, IDH, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, NEORIS, NORTH ATLANTIC LAND BRIDGE, PERISOMENA, PHYLOGENY, RINACA, RpS5, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, WINGLESS}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and Doorenweerd, C.} } @article {22123, title = {Systematics and biogeography reciprocally illuminate taxonomic revisions in the silkmoth genus Saturnia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {74}, year = {2020}, pages = {1-6}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"The Holarctic Saturniid genus Saturnia contains eight subgenera, though their taxonomic ranks have been in flux for decades. A prior biogeographic analysis with a six gene molecular phylogeny of Saturnia including 34 species and representatives of all but one subgenus supports distinct divisions that require taxonomic changes to accurately reflect their biology and phylogeography. In the current study, we add more publicly available COI sequence data to the previous dataset, and include all subgenera, which resulted in a dataset with approximately 67 species. Based on inferred phylogenies of the 34-species and 67-species datasets as well as the biogeographic analyses, we propose to elevate six subgenera to genus level: Agapema Neumoegen \& Dyar 1894 stat. rev., Cachosaturnia Naumann, L\öffler \& N\ässig 2012 stat. nov., Calosaturnia Smith 1886 stat. rev., Neoris Moore 1862 stat. rev., Perisomena Walker 1855 stat. rev., Rinaca Walker 1855 stat. rev. Additionally, we synonymize Eudia Jordan 1911 syn. nov. with Saturnia Schrank 1802 because it renders Saturnia paraphyletic, and confirm the previous synonymization of Eriogyna Jordan 1911 with Saturnia and of Caligula Moore 1862 with Rinaca Walker 1855. With these changes, molecular phylogeny and biogeographic analysis has informed taxonomy of a prominent, but poorly-understood group and revealed how the complex biogeography and active biotic exchange across the northern hemisphere has promoted diversification in previously unrecognized groups.\"

}, keywords = {AGAPEMA, BERINGIA, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CACHOSATURNIA, CAD, CALOSATURNIA, CATALOGUE, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, IDH, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, NEORIS, NORTH ATLANTIC LAND BRIDGE, PERISOMENA, PHYLOGENY, RINACA, RpS5, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, WINGLESS}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and Doorenweerd, C.} } @article {21966, title = {Adhemarius eurysthenes (Felder, 1874) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) in the Atlantic Rain Forest: A phylogeographic perspective}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {277}, year = {2018}, pages = {231-241}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

\"The Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest biome has been strongly impacted by human action and by various factors related to economic development. The hawkmoth Adhemarius eurysthenes (Sphingidae, Smerinthinae, Ambulycini) is endemic to the southern portion of this biome, with most of its existing populations within Brazil. Using CAD, wingless, and the barcode region of the mitochondrial COI gene, populations of A. eurysthenes were analyzed phylogeographically to obtain information on their genetic structure and variability, and to explain their spatial distribution. We obtained 14 COI haplotypes of 109 individuals from 10 localities. The population in the state of Esp\írito Santo, southeastern Brazil, showed the highest average genetic distance in relation to other populations. A test of molecular variance using the spatial component (SAMOVA) separated the samples into two groups; again, Esp\írito Santo was the divergent site. We found no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances, but did find a tendency toward genetic isolation near the northern limit of the range of A. eurysthenes. We discuss the implementation of the observed patterns for other taxa, in an attempt to support studies on the conservation of Ambulycini in the Atlantic Rain Forest. Esp\írito Santo proved to be a locality of particular importance for conservation of the endemic Ambulycini in this biome.\"

}, keywords = {ADHEMARIUS, ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST, BRAZIL, CAD, COI, CONSERVATION, DIVERSITY, DNA, ECOLOGY, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MTDNA, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2018.10.005}, author = {Cardoso, L.W. and Silva-Brand{\~a}o, K.L. and Duarte, M.} } @mastersthesis {21842, title = {Contribui{\c c}{\~a}o de marcadores morfol{\'o}gicos e moleculares na elucida{\c c}{\~a}o da sistem{\'a}tica de Ambulycini (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Smerinthinae)}, volume = {Mestre em Ci{\^e}ncias Biol{\'o}gicas}, year = {2015}, month = {10/2015}, pages = {iv + 187}, school = {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo}, type = {Disserta{\c c}{\~a}o de Mestrado}, address = {S{\~a}o Paulo}, keywords = {ADHEMARIUS, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AKBESIA, AMBULYCINI, AMBULYX, AMPLYPTERUS, BARBOURION, BATOCNEMA, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CAD, COI, COMPSULYX, DNA, FOODPLANT EVOLUTION, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MTDNA, ORECTA, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, PROTAMBULYX, SPHINGIDAE, TROGOLEGNUM, VENATION, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.11606/D.41.2015.tde-23092015-081044}, url = {http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-23092015-081044/pt-br.php}, author = {Cardoso, L.W.} } @article {21548, title = {Long-spurred Angraecum orchids and long-tongued sphingid moths on Madagascar: a time frame for Darwin{\textquoteright}s predicted Xanthopan/Angraecum coevolution}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {122}, year = {2017}, month = {07/2017}, pages = {469-478}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

\"Trait matching between the Madagascan orchid Angraecum sesquipedale, with a nectar spur of 33 cm, and a hawkmoth with a tongue almost as long has fascinated biologists since Darwin, who saw only flowers but correctly predicted the moth pollinator. This moth, Xanthopan morgani praedicta, was described from museum specimens in 1903 and documented as the pollinator in photographs and film in 1992 and 2004. However, Madagascar harbours c. 30 species of long-spurred orchids and seven species of long-tongued hawkmoths, and mutualisms between moths and \‘Angraecum and other deep tubular flowers\’ (Darwin, 1862: p. 202) probably involve a network of interacting species. We infer the evolutionary time over which Madagascan sphingids and Angraecum have interacted, based on an orchid phylogeny that includes 62 of 144 Angraecum species on Madagascar and a moth phylogeny with all nine Madagascan Sphinginae. Clock models using either rate- or fossil-based calibrations imply that the Madagascan subspecies X. morgani praedicta and the African morgani diverged 7.4 \± 2.8 Mya, which overlaps the divergence of An. sesquipedale from its sister, Angraecum sororium, namely 7.5 \± 5.2 Mya; since both have extremely long spurs, long spurs probably existed before that. The phylogenies moreover show that several long-tongued moths and long-spurred orchids probably coevolved on Madagascar since the mid-Miocene, although field data on the moths\’ levels of polyphagy and pollen transport are lacking.\"

}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, CAD, COEVOLUTION, COI, DARWIN, DDC, EF-1ALPHA, EVOLUTION, MADAGASCAR, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MOLECULAR CLOCK, ORCHIDACEAE, PHYLOGENY, POLLINATION, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1093/biolinnean/blx086}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx086}, author = {Netz, C. and Renner, S.S.} } @article {21524, title = {Multi-gene phylogeny of the Hemileuca maia complex (Saturniidae) across North America suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {42}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, pages = {621-634}, chapter = {621}, abstract = {

\"The Hemileuca maia species complex occurs across the North American continent and consists of six named taxa, and several others that were recently synonymized. Taxa exhibit a wide span of adult flight periods, dramatic shifts in host-plant use and occur in a range of habitats, all of which would suggest unrecognized diversity. We used one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes to generate 3900 bp per individual, including samples from every ecotype in the species group across the United States from New England to central Florida to California. We assessed phylogenetic relationships using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Results suggest very low levels of divergence across most of the continent and low levels of genetic structure \– even between some recognized species that maintain clear ecological difference in sympatry. Our results suggest that meaningful and localized ecological divergence may occur in the absence of easily recognizable genetic divergence, due to either ongoing gene flow or the recent diversification in the group.\"

}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CAD, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FOODPLANT, HAPLOTYPE NETWORKS, HEMILEUCA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, POPULATION BIOLOGY, RpS5, SATURNIIDAE, USA}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12235}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and San Jose, M. and Peigler, R.S.} } @article {21519, title = {Phylogenetic relationships of wild silkmoths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) inferred from four protein-coding nuclear genes}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {2008}, pages = {219-228}, chapter = {219}, abstract = {

\"The Saturniidae, or wild silkmoths, number approximately 1861 species in 162 genera and nine subfamilies including Cercophaninae and Oxyteninae. They include some of the largest and most spectacular of all Lepidoptera, such as the moon or luna moths, atlas moths, emperor moths, and many others. Saturniids have been important as sources of wild silk and/or human food in a number of cultures, and as models for comparative studies of genetics, development, physiology, and ecology. Seeking to improve the phylogenetic framework for such studies, we estimated relationships across Saturniidae, sampling all nine subfamilies plus all five tribes of Saturniinae. Seventy-five exemplars (45 Saturniidae plus 30 bombycoid outgroups) were sequenced for four protein-coding nuclear gene regions (5625 bp total), namely CAD (the fusion protein carbamoylphosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase), DDC (dopa decarboxylase), period, and wingless. The data, analyzed by parsimony and likelihood, gave a strongly resolved phylogeny at all levels. Relationships among subfamilies largely mirrored the pre-cladistic hypothesis of Michener, albeit with significant exceptions, and there was definitive support for the morphology-based proposal that Ludiinae form a tribe (Micragonini) within Saturniinae. In the latter subfamily, the African tribe Urotini was shown to be paraphyletic with respect to Bunaeini and Micragonini, also in accord with recent morphological findings. Relationships within the New World subfamilies Arsenurinae, Ceratocampinae and Hemileucinae nearly always accord with previous morphology-based phylogenies when both are clearly resolved. Within Hemileucinae, Hemileucini are paraphyletic with respect to the monotypic Polythysanini. A preliminary biogeographical analysis supports ancestral restriction to the New World, followed by dispersal and/or vicariance splitting most of the family into a largely New World versus a largely Old World clade.\"

}, keywords = {ARSENURINAE, BUNAEINI, CAD, CERATOCAMPINAE, CERCOPHANINAE, DDC, HEMILEUCINAE, MICRAGONINI, OXYTENINAE, PERIOD, PHYLOGENY, POLYTHYSANA, SATURNIIDAE, SATURNIINAE, UROTINI, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00416.x}, author = {Regier, J.C. and Grant, M.C. and Mitter, C. and Cook, C.P. and Peigler, R.S. and Rougerie, R.} } @article {21516, title = {Elusive ditrysian phylogeny: an account of combining systematized morphology with molecular data (Lepidoptera)}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {260}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

\"Background: Ditrysia comprise close to 99 \% of all butterflies and moths. The evolutionary relationships among the ditrysian superfamilies have received considerable attention in phylogenetic studies based on DNA and transcriptomic data, but the deepest divergences remain for large parts unresolved or contradictory. To obtain complementary insight into the evolutionary history of the clade, and to test previous hypotheses on the subdivision of Ditrysia based on morphology, we examine the morphology of larvae, pupae and adult males and females of 318 taxa representing nearly all ditrysian superfamilies and families. We present the most comprehensive morphological dataset on Ditrysia to date, consisting of over 500 morphological characters. The data are analyzed alone and combined with sequence data (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear protein-coding gene regions, sequenced from 422 taxa). The full dataset consists of 473 exemplar species. Analyses are performed using maximum likelihood methods, and parsimony methods for the morphological dataset. We explore whether combining morphological data and DNA-data can stabilize taxa that are unstable in phylogenetic studies based on genetic data only.

Results: Morphological characters are found phylogenetically informative in resolving apical nodes (superfamilies and families), but characters serving as evidence of relatedness of larger assemblages are few. Results include the recovery of a monophyletic Tineoidea, Sesioidea and Cossoidea, and a stable position for some unstable taxa (e.g. Epipyropidae, Cyclotornidae, Urodoidea + Schreckensteinioidea). Several such taxa, however, remain unstable even though morphological characters indicate a position in the tree (e.g. Immidae). Evidence supporting affinities between clades are suggested, e.g. a novel larval synapomorphy for Tineidae. We also propose the synonymy of Tineodidae with Alucitidae, syn. nov.

Conclusions: The large morphological dataset provides information on the diversity and distribution of morphological traits in Ditrysia, and can be used in future research on the evolution of these traits, in identification keys and in identification of fossil Lepidoptera. The \“backbone\” of the phylogeny for Ditrysia remains largely unresolved. As previously proposed as an explanation for the scarcity of molecular signal in resolving the deeper nodes, this may be due to the rapid radiation of Ditrysia in the Cretaceous.\"

}, keywords = {ADULT MORPHOLOGY, ALUCITIDAE, CAD, COI, DITRYSIA, DIVERGENCE TIMES, EF-1ALPHA, GAPDH, IDH, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, LEPIDOPTERA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MDH, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, ROGUE TAXA, RpS5, TINEODIDAE, TOTAL EVIDENCE}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-015-0520-0}, author = {Heikkil{\"a}, M. and Mutanen, M. and Wahlberg, N. and Sihvonen, P. and Kaila, L.} } @article {21513, title = {A large-scale, higher-Level, molecular phylogenetic study of the insect order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {03/2013}, pages = {e58568}, chapter = {e58568}, abstract = {

\"Background: Higher-level relationships within the Lepidoptera, and particularly within the species-rich subclade Ditrysia, are
generally not well understood, although recent studies have yielded progress. We present the most comprehensive
molecular analysis of lepidopteran phylogeny to date, focusing on relationships among superfamilies.

Methodology / Principal Findings: 483 taxa spanning 115 of 124 families were sampled for 19 protein-coding nuclear
genes, from which maximum likelihood tree estimates and bootstrap percentages were obtained using GARLI. Assessment
of heuristic search effectiveness showed that better trees and higher bootstrap percentages probably remain to be
discovered even after 1000 or more search replicates, but further search proved impractical even with grid computing.
Other analyses explored the effects of sampling nonsynonymous change only versus partitioned and unpartitioned total
nucleotide change; deletion of rogue taxa; and compositional heterogeneity. Relationships among the non-ditrysian
lineages previously inferred from morphology were largely confirmed, plus some new ones, with strong support. Robust
support was also found for divergences among non-apoditrysian lineages of Ditrysia, but only rarely so within Apoditrysia.
Paraphyly for Tineoidea is strongly supported by analysis of nonsynonymous-only signal; conflicting, strong support for
tineoid monophyly when synonymous signal was added back is shown to result from compositional heterogeneity.

Conclusions / Significance: Support for among-superfamily relationships outside the Apoditrysia is now generally strong.
Comparable support is mostly lacking within Apoditrysia, but dramatically increased bootstrap percentages for some nodes
after rogue taxon removal, and concordance with other evidence, strongly suggest that our picture of apoditrysian
phylogeny is approximately correct. This study highlights the challenge of finding optimal topologies when analyzing
hundreds of taxa. It also shows that some nodes get strong support only when analysis is restricted to nonsynonymous
change, while total change is necessary for strong support of others. Thus, multiple types of analyses will be necessary to
fully resolve lepidopteran phylogeny.\"

}, keywords = {109FIN, 265FIN, 268FIN, 3007FIN, ACC, APODITRYSIA, BARCODING, BOOTSTRAP, CAD, COI, DDC, DNA, ENOLASE, GARLI, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, LEPIDOPTERA, MACROHETEROCERA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MTDNA, PHYLOGENY, ROGUE TAXA, TINEOIDEA}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0058568}, author = {Regier, J.C. and Mitter, C. and Zwick, A. and Bazinet, A.L. and Cumming, M.P. and Kawahara, A.Y. and Sohn, J.-C. and Zwickl, D.J. and Cho, S. and Davis, D.R. and Baixeras, J. and Brown, J. and Parr, C. and Weller, S. and Lees, D.C. and Mitter, K.T.} } @article {21497, title = {Molecular phylogeny of Anthelidae and other bombycoid taxa (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {2008}, pages = {190-209}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

\"Based on DNA sequences of the fusion protein carbamoylphosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase (CAD; 680 bp) and elongation factor-1\α (Ef-1\α; 1240 bp); the first molecular phylogeny of the moth family Anthelidae and its placement within the Bombycoidea sensu Brock (1971) (= bombycoid complex sensu Minet, 1994) is proposed. The results strongly support the monophyly of the family Anthelidae and its subfamilies Munychryiinae and Anthelinae, but demonstrate the vast polyphyly of its main genus Anthela Walker, 1855. The proposed phylogeny suggests that grass feeding, as apparent from some pest records, probably is an ancestral trait within the subfamily Anthelinae. Evolutionary relationships of the family Anthelidae and of most parts of the Bombycoidea remain obscure. However, the results contradict many of the widely accepted phylogenetic hypotheses within the Bombycoidea proposed by Minet (1994: Entomologica scandinavica, 25, 63\–88). The Brahmaeidae are paraphyletic relative to the Lemoniidae (syn.nov.), and the current concept of Bombycidae is polyphyletic, with the bombycid subfamily Apatelodinae being part of a monophylum comprising Brahmaeidae / Lemoniidae, Eupterotidae and Apatelodidae (stat.rev.).\"

}, keywords = {ANTHELA, ANTHELIDAE; APATELODIDAE, BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYCOIDEA, BRAHMAEIDAE, CAD, CLASSIFICATION, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, FOODPLANT EVOLUTION, LEMONIIDAE, PHYLOGENY}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00410.x}, author = {Zwick, A.} } @article {21496, title = {A phylogenetic study of the {\textquoteright}bombycoid complex{\textquoteright} (Lepidoptera) using five protein-coding nuclear genes, with comments on the problem of macrolepidopteran phylogeny}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {2008}, pages = {175-189}, chapter = {175}, abstract = {

\"This study had two aims. First, we tested the monophyly of and relationships within the \‘bombycoid complex\’, an assembly of approximately 5300 species postulated by Minet to represent 12 families in three superfamilies, by sequencing five protein-coding nuclear gene regions (CAD, DDC, enolase, period, wingless; approximately 6750 bp total) in 66 representatives of most of the subfamilies and tribes. Second, we sought initial evidence on the utility of these genes for estimating relationships among Macrolepidoptera more broadly (11 superfamilies total), by adding representatives of eight families from four other superfamilies, and by assessing the phylogenetic information content of the individual genes and partitions thereof. Analysis of the combined data by likelihood and parsimony upholds monophyly for the bombycoid complex and for Bombycoidea sensu stricto (includes Anthelidae, see below), but with weak bootstrap support. Minet\’s assignment of Phiditiinae to Bombycoidea rather than to Noctuoidea is strongly upheld, but Anthelidae, placed in Lasiocampoidea by Minet, group securely within Bombycoidea sensu stricto. Within the latter, the basal split segregates a strongly supported \‘BALE\’ group [Apatelodinae + (Eupterotidae + (Brahmaeidae + Lemoniidae))]. The remaining families form a consistently but weakly supported clade, within which the basal split segregates the very strongly supported \‘CAPOPEM\’ group [Carthaeidae, Anthelidae, Phiditiinae, (Prismostictini + (Endromidae + (Oberthueriini + Mirinidae)))]. The remaining bombycoids are grouped, very weakly, as Sphingidae + (Bombycinae + Saturniidae). All multiply-sampled families are strongly recovered, in both outgroups and ingroups, except that Bombycidae sensu Minet are rendered decisively polyphyletic. All genes make important contributions to the combined data results, and there is little strong conflict among genes or between synonymous and nonsynonymous change, although two instances of inter-gene conflict were notable, one in Lasiocampidae and one in Mimallonidae. Overall, about 75\% of nodes are strongly supported (i.e. bootstrap value \≥80\%). Superfamilies are recovered, but not always strongly, whereas relationships among superfamilies are recovered only weakly and inconsistently; even within the reasonably well-sampled Bombycoidea sensu stricto, a (to us) surprising number of interfamily relationships remain uncertain. Thus, it seems clear that substantially more genes, plus additional taxon sampling in most superfamilies, will be required to resolve macrolepidopteran phylogeny.\"

}, keywords = {BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYCOIDEA, BRAHMAEIDAE, CAD, DDC, DNA, ENOLASE, LEPIDOPTERA, MACROLEPIDOPTERA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PARSIMONY, PERIOD, PHYLOGENY, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00409.x}, author = {Regier, J.C. and Cook, C.P. and Mitter, C. and Hussey, A.} } @article {20886, title = {A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, pages = {401-408}, chapter = {401}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BEHAVIOUR, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, COI, DEFENCE, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, EUMORPHA, EYESPOT, IMMATURE STAGES, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MIMICRY, PHYLOGENY, RASP, RAXML, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/syen.12111}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12111}, author = {Ponce, F.V. and Breinholt, J.W. and Hossie, T. and Barber, J.R. and Janzen, D.H. and Hallwachs, W. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {19854, title = {Phylogenetics and species status of Hawai{\textquoteleft}i{\textquoteright}s endangered Blackburn{\textquoteright}s Sphinx Moth, Manduca blackburni (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Pacific Science}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {31-41}, chapter = {31}, keywords = {BARCODING, CAD, COI, EF-1ALPHA, HAWAII, MANDUCA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, USA, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.2984/66.1.2}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and San Jose, M. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {18694, title = {Evolution of Manduca sexta hornworms and relatives: biogeographical analysis reveals an ancestral diversification in Central America}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {68}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {381-386}, chapter = {381}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, COI, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, MANDUCA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PEST, RASP, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.017}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.017}, author = {Kawahara, A.Y. and Breinholt, J.W. and Ponce, F.V. and Haxaire, J. and Lei, X. and Lamarre, G.P.A. and Rubinoff, D. and Kitching, I.J.} } @article {18695, title = {Phylogeny and biogeography of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): evidence from five nuclear genes}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {4}, year = {2009}, note = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005719; ; ;}, month = {2009}, pages = {e5719}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, CAD, CLASSIFICATION, DDC, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PARSIMONY, PERIOD, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, author = {Kawahara, A. Y. and Mignault, A. A. and Regier, J. C. and Kitching, I. J. and Mitter, C.} }