@article {21461, title = {Color attraction of the crepuscular hawk moth (Nephele hespera) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Technology}, volume = {13}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {403-411}, chapter = {403}, abstract = {

\"The crepuscular hawk moth (Nephele hespera) belongs to the family Sphingidae, subfamily Macroglossinae. Hawk moths is known as a pollinator in nature. It is a stenophagous organism which the larva feed only young karunda leaves (Carissa carandas L.). The objectives of this study is to investigate the color and\  structure of karunda flowers (n=30), crepuscular hawk moths\’ proboscis, and the color of artificial flowers attraction and amount of 25\% honey solution uptake of the hawk moths. The results showed that karunda\’s flowers were white color with a tubular shaped flowers (averaged 19.20\±1.16 mm long). The proboscis length of the male and female hawk moth was 46.03\±2.33 and 44.03 \± 2.08 mm, respectively. The uptake of honey solution from violet, yellow, pink, white and chartreuse green of artificial flowers was 0.51\±0.04, 0.53\±0.08, 0.55\±0.09, 0.60\±0.15 และ 0.64\±0.12 ml/adult, respectively. The frequency visit of adult hawk moths to various colors of artificial flowers was presented in order from high to low was as follows: chartreuse green, white, yellow, pink and violet.\"

}, keywords = {APOCYNACEAE, CARISSA, FLOWER COLOUR, NEPHELE, POLLINATION, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE}, issn = {1686-9141}, url = {http://www.ijat-aatsea.com/pdf/v13_n3_\%202017_May/9_IJAT_13(3)_2017_Danarun\%20S._Entomology.pdf}, author = {Dararun, S. and Bumroongsook, S. and Tigvattananont, S.} } @book {20739, title = {The hawkmoths of Vietnam}, year = {2012}, pages = {239}, publisher = {Korporatsiya Tekhnologiy Prodvizheniya}, organization = {Korporatsiya Tekhnologiy Prodvizheniya}, address = {Ulyanovsk}, keywords = {ACOSMERYX, AMPELOPHAGA, APOCALYPSIS, APOCYNACEAE, CATALOGUE, CECHENENA, CECHETRA, CERBERONOTON, DAHIRA, ELIBIA, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, HIPPOTION, LANGIA, MACROGLOSSUM, MALE GENITALIA, MEGANOTON, NOTONAGEMIA, PHYLLOSPHINGIA, POLIANA, PSILOGRAMMA, ROTHINJOA, SATASPES, THERETRA, VIETNAM, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Zolotuhin, V.V. and Ryabov, S.A.} } @article {20028, title = {On the Sphingidae fauna of Tajikistan (Lepidoptera) I. Towards the systematics and the biology of hawkmoths of the Kendyr (Apocynum) and the Hissar Vine.}, journal = {Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR}, volume = {16}, year = {1956}, note = {In Russian.; ; ;Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk }, month = {1956}, pages = {143-156}, chapter = {143}, keywords = {ACOSMERYX, APOCYNACEAE, CATALOGUE, HYLES, SPHINGIDAE, TAJIKISTAN, VITACEAE}, author = {Shchetkin, Yu.L.} } @article {19283, title = {Restriction of pollinator assemblage through flower length and width in three long-tongued hawkmoth-pollinated Apocynaceae}, journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden}, volume = {94}, year = {2007}, month = {07/2007}, pages = {485-504}, chapter = {485}, abstract = {

\"Apocynaceae have a precise pollination mechanism. However, broad pollinator assemblages, including several insect orders, have often been recorded. We test how the corolla tube length and operative width required for effective release of the pollination mechanism could restrict the pollinator assemblage in putatively hawkmoth-pollinated Apocynaceae that differ in flower depth. If corolla tube length were effective in filtering pollinators, a broader pollen vector assemblage would be expected in short-flowered species. For this to occur, the operative width of the pollinating apparatus would be additionally expected not to be specific to any particular pollinator. Alternatively, if the pollination mechanism were to have any effect in the exclusion of pollinators, access to short flowers would be expected to be limited by proboscis width rather than length. Pollination of three species in the Apocynaceae was studied in seven populations through direct observations and palynological analysis of hawkmoths. Proboscis widths of hawkmoths carrying and not carrying pollen were compared with operative floral width as measured by proboscis analogues of different diameters that could successfully release the pollination mechanism. Species studied were exclusively hawkmoth pollinated. Pollen was always attached to pollinator proboscides, either near the base or on the apical half. The long-tongued hawkmoth species Manduca sexta (L.) was the major pollinator of Mandevilla longiflora (Desf.) Pichon and Mandevilla petraea (A. St.-Hil.) Pichon. Surprisingly, another long-tongued species, Manduca tucumana (Rothschild \& Jordan), was the main pollinator of the short-flowered Mandevilla laxa (Ruiz \& Pav.) Woodson. Here, the operative flower width was a decisive factor restricting the pollinator spectrum to hawkmoths with proboscides narrow enough to release the pollination apparatus. Short-tongued hawkmoths, which also have wider proboscides, cannot release the pollination mechanism. In M. petraea, the operative length, and not the operative width, restricts the pollinator assemblage. Thus, two different plant strategies were observed to restrict the pollinator spectrum: floral tube length and the operative width of the pollination mechanism.

}, keywords = {APOCYNACEAE, ARGENTINA, INCOMPLETE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3417/0026-6493(2007)94[485:ROPATF]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Mor{\'e}, M. and S{\'e}rsic, A.N. and Cocucci, A.A.} } @article {18541, title = {Biology and host range of the hawk moth Nephele densoi Keferstein (Lep.: Sphingidae), a potential agent for the biological control of rubbervine Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae)}, journal = {Biocontrol Science and Technology}, volume = {9}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {79-88}, chapter = {79}, keywords = {APOCYNACEAE, ASCLEPIADACEAE, BIOCONTROL, FOODPLANT, FOODPLANT CHEMISTRY, FOODPLANT SPECIFICITY, MADAGASCAR, MORACEAE, NEPHELE, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09583159929938}, author = {Huwer, R.K. and McFadyen, R.E.} } @article {17475, title = {Limited fruit production in Hancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae) and pollination by nocturnal and diurnal insects}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {381-388}, chapter = {381}, abstract = {

\"Frequency and efficiency of pollinator visits strongly influence the reproductive success of self-incompatible plants. We investigated the breeding and pollination systems of Hancornia speciosa, a small tree that produces fleshy berries used in the Brazilian fruit industry. Observation and experiments were carried out in Northeastern Brazil. Thirty-three species of the visitor were recorded. Hawkmoths (Sphingidae), bees (Euglossini and Centridini), and butterflies (Nymphalidae and Hesperiidae) with long mouth parts were effective pollinators of H. speciosa. Access to nectar, the only reward for flower visitors, is determined by corolla tube length. Nylon threads of various diameters and dried mouth parts from a number of flower visitors were used in experiments to simulate flower visits. The number of pollen grains removed during such simulated visits showed no significant difference. Although xenogamic, H. speciosa presented a low pollen/ovule ratio (77). This might be related to the high efficiency of its pollination mechanism. Flowers of H. speciosa had 76 ovules on average. Seed set varied from 1 to 25, indicating that individual flowers received different amounts of outcross-pollen. Fruit production of hand cross-pollinated flowers increased by 90 percent when compared to natural pollination, suggesting pollinator limitation of H. speciosa.\"

}, keywords = {APIDAE, APOCYNACEAE, BRAZIL, HANCORNIA, HESPERIIDAE, NYMPHALIDAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00050.x}, author = {Darrault, R.O. and Schlindwein, C.} } @article {17474, title = {Esfing{\'\i}deos (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) no Tabuleiro Paraibano, nordeste do Brasil: abund{\^a}ncia, riqueza e rela{\c c}{\^a}o com plantas esfing{\'o}filas}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Zoologia}, volume = {19}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {429-443}, chapter = {429}, keywords = {APOCYNACEAE, BRAZIL, PHENOLOGY, POLLINATION, RUBIACEAE, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Darrault, R.O. and Schlindwein, C.} } @article {16542, title = {Localizaci{\'o}n en Santander del aclimatado arbusto brasile{\~n}o Araujoia sericifera Brot., asclepiad~cea en cyyas fisuras fenestriformes florales quedan apresados los lepid{\'o}pteros por la espiritrompa cuando acuden a libar}, journal = {Graellsia}, volume = {28}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {3-13}, keywords = {APOCYNACEAE, BEHAVIOUR, BRAZIL, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Agenjo, R.} }