@article {22954, title = {Observations of pupal biology and adult eclosion in the federally threatened Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth, Euproserpinus euterpe (Sphingidae, Macroglossini)}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {77}, year = {2023}, pages = {90-99}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

\"Larvae of the federally threatened Euproserpinus euterpe from Walker Basin, Kern Co., CA. and Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo Co., CA populations were reared to the pupal and adult stage for the first time. The E. euterpe pupa is described. Mature larvae excavated a subterranean pupal chamber in an unusual (not burrowing solely headfirst) manner, but typical of other species in the sphingid tribe, Macroglossini. Soil depth of pupation ranged from 5 to 11 cm, mean = of 7.14\±1.83 cm s.d. cm (n=14) for the Walker Basin population. Pupae were maintained in artificial pupal cells, facilitating observations of development. Multiple-year diapause to three years, predicted based on field observations, was demonstrated in the laboratory. Soil humidity during the fall and winter season appears critical to break pupal diapause. Pupae did not travel through the soil. Adults burrowed to the soil surface after eclosion from the pupa. The wing expansion behavior of adults at the soil surface, along with their vertical, upward wing expansion, are described.\"

}, keywords = {ECLOSION, EUPROSERPINUS, FOODPLANT, LIFE HISTORY, OVIPOSITION, PUPA, PUPATION CHAMBER, REARING, RED LIST, SPHINGIDAE, USA}, author = {Osborne, K.H.} } @article {21029, title = {Contribution to the knowledge of the early stages of Proserpinus vega (Dyar, 1903) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)}, journal = {Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.)}, volume = {36}, year = {2015}, pages = {184-187}, chapter = {184}, keywords = {FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, PROSERPINUS, PUPA, SPHINGIDAE, USA, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Haxaire, J. and van Buskirk, M.D.} } @article {20333, title = {The life history and behavior of Euproserpinus euterpe (Sphingidae)}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {35}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {27-33}, chapter = {27}, keywords = {BEHAVIOUR, EUPROSERPINUS, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, IMMATURE STAGES, LIFE HISTORY, SPHINGIDAE, USA, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Tuskes, P.M. and Emmel, J.F.} } @book {20211, title = {Zoological illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals, selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology and conchology}, volume = {[Series 1,] Volume 1}, year = {1821}, month = {1821}, pages = {ix + [xix], pls 1-66}, publisher = {Baldwin, Cradock \& Joy, and W. 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