03368nas a2200277   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162520252600231653003102757653001302788653002602801653001602827653001602843653001802859653001402877653001302891653001602904653001502920100002002935700001302955700001702968700002402985700001303009700001903022856004903041       2017                        eng d00aResolving relationships among the megadiverse butterflies and moths with a novel pipeline for anchored phylogenomics0 aResolving relationships among the megadiverse butterflies and mo3 a<p>&quot;The advent of next-generation sequencing technology has allowed for the collection of large portions of the genome for phylogenetic analysis. Hybrid enrichment and transcriptomics are two techniques that leverage next-generation sequencing and have shown much promise. However, methods for processing hybrid enrichment data are still limited. We developed a pipeline for anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) read assembly, orthology determination, contamination screening, and data processing for sequences flanking the target &ldquo;probe&rdquo; region. We apply this approach to study the phylogeny of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), a megadiverse group of more than 157,000 described species with poorly understood deep-level phylogenetic relationships. We introduce a new, 855 locus AHE kit for Lepidoptera phylogenetics and compare resulting trees to those from transcriptomes. The enrichment kit was designed from existing genomes, transcriptomes, and expressed sequence tags and was used to capture sequence data from 54 species from 23 lepidopteran families. Phylogenies estimated from AHE data were largely congruent with trees generated from transcriptomes, with strong support for relationships at all but the deepest taxonomic levels.We combineAHEand transcriptomic data to generate a new Lepidoptera phylogeny, representing 76 exemplar species in 42 families. The tree provides robust support for many relationships, including those among the seven butterfly families. The addition of AHE data to an existing transcriptomic dataset lowers node support along the Lepidoptera backbone, but firmly places taxa with AHE data on the phylogeny. Combining taxa sequenced for AHE with existing transcriptomes and genomes resulted in a tree with strong support for (Calliduloidea + Gelechioidea + Thyridoidea) + (Papilionoidea + Pyraloidea + Macroheterocera). To examine the efficacy of AHE at a shallowtaxonomic level, phylogenetic analyseswere also conducted on a sister group representing a more recent divergence, the Saturniidae and Sphingidae. These analyses utilized sequences from the probe region and data flanking it, nearly doubled the size of the dataset; resulting trees supported new phylogenetics relationships, especially within the Saturniidae and Sphingidae (e.g., Hemarina derived in the latter). We hope that our data processing pipeline, hybrid enrichment gene set, and approach of combining AHE data with transcriptomes will be useful for the broader systematics community.&quot;</p>
10aANCHORED HYBRID ENRICHMENT10aHEMARINI10aHIGHER CLASSIFICATION10aLEPIDOPTERA10aMETHODOLOGY10aPHYLOGENOMICS10aPHYLOGENY10aPIPELINE10aSATURNIIDAE10aSPHINGIDAE1 aBreinholt, J.W.1 aEarl, C.1 aLemmon, A.R.1 aMoriarty_Lemmon, E.1 aXiao, L.1 aKawahara, A.Y.  uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/21525