02246nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245007800055210006900133300001200202490000700214520165400221653001101875653001101886653001301897653001201910653001301922653001301935653001501948100001601963856004901979 1997 eng d a0269-765300aWhy do some nectar foragers perch and others hover while probing flowers?0 aWhy do some nectar foragers perch and others hover while probing a543-5550 v113 a
"Diurnal hawkmoths, Hemaris fuciformis, and bumblebees, Bombus pasquorum, were observed foraging for nectar in flowers of Viscaria vulgaris. The hawkmoths hovered in front of the flowers, while the bees perched on them. The hawkmoths had a faster probing rate than the bees, and consequently also had higher gross and net rates of energy gain. A model is presented that shows that hovering only yields a higher net rate of energy gain (NREG) than perching when nectar volumes are high due to low competition for the resource. The difference in NREG of perchers and hoverers decreases with an increase of competition, and eventually perching yields the highest NREG. This is an effect of the higher cost of hovering. The results suggest that hovering can only evolve as a pure evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) if competition is reduced, for example by co-evolutionary specializations with plants. The possibility that it has evolved as a mixed ESS (i.e. individuals can both hover and perch depending on the resource level) is discussed. The evolution of optimal foraging strategies is discussed, and it is pointed out that the rate of gain of an animal is independent of the strategy used when all competing foragers use the same strategy, but competitively superior strategies will nevertheless evolve because they are ESSs. Competition between strategies with different energy costs are special, because resource availability determines which strategy is competitively superior. A high-cost strategy can only evolve as a pure ESS at high resource levels, or as a mixed ESS at intermediate levels."
10aAPIDAE10aBOMBUS10aFORAGING10aHEMARIS10aHOVERING10aPERCHING10aSPHINGIDAE1 aDreisig, H. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2148901062nas a2200385 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180260001200249300001400261490000800275653001100283653001100294653000900305653001100314653001000325653001400335653001200349653001900361653002000380653001600400653001600416653001600432653002700448653002200475653000800497100001200505700001900517700001500536700001700551700001700568700001200585700001300597700001700610856004900627 2015 eng d00aNectar robbery and thievery in the hawk moth (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)-pollinated Western Prairie Fringed Orchid Platanthera praeclara0 aNectar robbery and thievery in the hawk moth Lepidoptera Sphingi c11/2015 a1000-10130 v10810aAGRIUS10aAPIDAE10aAPIS10aBOMBUS10aHYLES10aLINTNERIA10aMANDUCA10aNECTAR ROBBERY10aNECTAR THIEVERY10aORCHIDACEAE10aPLATANTHERA10aPOLLINATION10aPOLLINATOR SPECIFICITY10aTALLGRASS PRAIRIE10aUSA1 aFox, K.1 aAnderson, K.M.1 aAndres, R.1 aFoster, M.C.1 aFoster, C.E.1 aVik, D.1 aVitt, P.1 aHarris, M.O. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2110900777nas a2200277 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260000900190300001200199490000800211653000900219653001400228653002300242653001100265653001600276653000800292653001700300653001400317653001600331653002100347653002700368653001500395100002100410700001900431856004900450 2007 eng d00aPollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers0 aPollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columb c2007 a706-7090 v44710aAFLP10aAQUILEGIA10aBAYESIAN INFERENCE10aBOMBUS10aCOEVOLUTION10aDNA10aHUMMINGBIRDS10aPHYLOGENY10aPOLLINATION10aPOLLINATOR SHIFT10aPOLLINATOR SPECIFICITY10aSPHINGIDAE1 aWhittall, J., B.1 aHodges, S., A. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2052900619nas a2200217 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135260000900204300001200213490000700225653001400232653000900246653001100255653001000266653001600276653001800292653001500310653000800325100001900333856004900352 1978 eng d00aThe pollination of {IAquilegia elegantula} and {IA. caerulea} (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado0 apollination of IAquilegia elegantula and IA caerulea Ranunculace c1978 a406-4140 v6510aAQUILEGIA10aBEES10aBOMBUS10aHYLES10aPOLLINATION10aRANUNCULACEAE10aSPHINGIDAE10aUSA1 aMiller, R., B. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/19233