TY - JOUR T1 - Systematic position of Bombyx incomposita (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), with notes on its immature biology and hostplant association JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2021 DO - 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.1.5 A1 - Lin, R.-J. A1 - Lin, Y.-C. A1 - Hsu, Y.-F. SP - 91–104 KW - BARCODING KW - BAYESIAN INFERENCE KW - BOMBYCIDAE KW - BOMBYX KW - CAD KW - CHAETOTAXY KW - COI KW - DNA KW - EF-1ALPHA KW - FEMALE GENITALIA KW - FOODPLANT KW - GADPH KW - IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY KW - IMMATURE STAGES KW - MALAYSIA KW - MALE GENITALIA KW - MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD KW - PHYLOGENY KW - RpS5 KW - VENATION KW - WINGLESS AB -

"The immature stages, morphology, and systematic position of Bombyx incomposita (van Eecke, 1929) are reported. The morphology of larva was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogeny was inferred using six genes (COI, CAD, EF-1α, GAPDH, RpS5, and wgl). The molecular phylogeny strongly supported that B. incomposita is sister to B. huttoni Westwood, 1847. The divergence of the COI barcode, phylogenetic reconstruction, and difference in immature stages support the current classification, in which the species incomposita belongs to the genus Bombyx. We give illustrations of male and female genitalia and briefly discuss the utility of the chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae on taxonomy of silkmoths. The SV group bears six setae in B. mandarina, but eight in B. incomposita. The L1 bears three setae in Rotunda, but just single seta in Bombyx."

VL - 5052 UR - https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5052.1.5 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - In and out of America: ecological and species diversity in Holarctic giant silkmoths suggests unusual dispersal, defying the dogma of an Asian origin JF - Journal of Biogeography Y1 - 2020 A1 - Rubinoff, D. A1 - Doorenweerd, C. SP - 903 EP - 914 KW - AGAPEMA KW - BERINGIA KW - BIOGEOGRAPHY KW - CACHOSATURNIA KW - CAD KW - CALOSATURNIA KW - CATALOGUE KW - COI KW - DNA KW - EF-1ALPHA KW - IDH KW - MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD KW - NEORIS KW - NORTH ATLANTIC LAND BRIDGE KW - PERISOMENA KW - PHYLOGENY KW - RINACA KW - RpS5 KW - SATURNIA KW - SATURNIIDAE KW - WINGLESS AB -

"Aim: There is growing evidence that the North Atlantic Land Bridge may have had a significant, underappreciated, role in structuring northern hemispheric biodiversity. Understanding the biogeography of less vagile animals with specific habitat requirements could provide fine‐scale information about the duration and environmental conditions of both the North Atlantic Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge.
Location: Asia, Europe and North America.
Taxon: Saturnia giant silkmoths. The genus has a relictual distribution from the Neogene, with species and subgenera endemic to subregions across the Northern Hemisphere.
Methods: We sequenced six genes totalling 4,674 base pairs from representatives of all subgenera and augmented this with publicly available COI sequences to build a dataset covering 34 Saturnia species—about half of the described species. Datasets were subjected to phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic analyses.
Results: We found that adding a ‘jump’ parameter to a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model results in contradictory biogeographic inferences, with the jump dispersal model being more biologically plausible for Saturnia. We found that Saturnia has a much earlier origin in North America than previously thought, and from there colonized Europe. The most parsimonious scenario involves a relatively recent (19.6–11.7 Ma) transit across the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and subsequent dispersal across all of Eurasia. Without jump dispersal, Saturnia biogeography requires complex patterns of in situ extinction and recolonization followed by bursts of dispersal and speciation.
Main conclusions: Although it is difficult to verify the appropriate model through fossil data or tectonic histories, allowing jump dispersal in Saturnia moth biogeography invokes far fewer assumptions and indicates the use of both Beringia and the North Atlantic Land Bridge, suggesting the importance of the latter for other groups may be underestimated."

VL - 47 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Systematics and biogeography reciprocally illuminate taxonomic revisions in the silkmoth genus Saturnia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) JF - Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society Y1 - 2020 A1 - Rubinoff, D. A1 - Doorenweerd, C. SP - 1 EP - 6 KW - AGAPEMA KW - BERINGIA KW - BIOGEOGRAPHY KW - CACHOSATURNIA KW - CAD KW - CALOSATURNIA KW - CATALOGUE KW - COI KW - DNA KW - EF-1ALPHA KW - IDH KW - MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD KW - NEORIS KW - NORTH ATLANTIC LAND BRIDGE KW - PERISOMENA KW - PHYLOGENY KW - RINACA KW - RpS5 KW - SATURNIA KW - SATURNIIDAE KW - WINGLESS AB -

"The Holarctic Saturniid genus Saturnia contains eight subgenera, though their taxonomic ranks have been in flux for decades. A prior biogeographic analysis with a six gene molecular phylogeny of Saturnia including 34 species and representatives of all but one subgenus supports distinct divisions that require taxonomic changes to accurately reflect their biology and phylogeography. In the current study, we add more publicly available COI sequence data to the previous dataset, and include all subgenera, which resulted in a dataset with approximately 67 species. Based on inferred phylogenies of the 34-species and 67-species datasets as well as the biogeographic analyses, we propose to elevate six subgenera to genus level: Agapema Neumoegen & Dyar 1894 stat. rev., Cachosaturnia Naumann, Löffler & Nässig 2012 stat. nov., Calosaturnia Smith 1886 stat. rev., Neoris Moore 1862 stat. rev., Perisomena Walker 1855 stat. rev., Rinaca Walker 1855 stat. rev. Additionally, we synonymize Eudia Jordan 1911 syn. nov. with Saturnia Schrank 1802 because it renders Saturnia paraphyletic, and confirm the previous synonymization of Eriogyna Jordan 1911 with Saturnia and of Caligula Moore 1862 with Rinaca Walker 1855. With these changes, molecular phylogeny and biogeographic analysis has informed taxonomy of a prominent, but poorly-understood group and revealed how the complex biogeography and active biotic exchange across the northern hemisphere has promoted diversification in previously unrecognized groups."

VL - 74 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Multi-gene phylogeny of the Hemileuca maia complex (Saturniidae) across North America suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification JF - Systematic Entomology Y1 - 2017 DO - 10.1111/syen.12235 A1 - Rubinoff, D. A1 - San Jose, M. A1 - Peigler, R.S. SP - 621 EP - 634 KW - BAYESIAN INFERENCE KW - CAD KW - COI KW - DNA KW - EF-1ALPHA KW - FOODPLANT KW - HAPLOTYPE NETWORKS KW - HEMILEUCA KW - MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD KW - PHYLOGENY KW - PHYLOGEOGRAPHY KW - POPULATION BIOLOGY KW - RpS5 KW - SATURNIIDAE KW - USA AB -

"The Hemileuca maia species complex occurs across the North American continent and consists of six named taxa, and several others that were recently synonymized. Taxa exhibit a wide span of adult flight periods, dramatic shifts in host-plant use and occur in a range of habitats, all of which would suggest unrecognized diversity. We used one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes to generate 3900 bp per individual, including samples from every ecotype in the species group across the United States from New England to central Florida to California. We assessed phylogenetic relationships using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Results suggest very low levels of divergence across most of the continent and low levels of genetic structure – even between some recognized species that maintain clear ecological difference in sympatry. Our results suggest that meaningful and localized ecological divergence may occur in the absence of easily recognizable genetic divergence, due to either ongoing gene flow or the recent diversification in the group."

VL - 42 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Elusive ditrysian phylogeny: an account of combining systematized morphology with molecular data (Lepidoptera) JF - BMC Evolutionary Biology Y1 - 2015 DO - 10.1186/s12862-015-0520-0 A1 - Heikkilä, M. A1 - Mutanen, M. A1 - Wahlberg, N. A1 - Sihvonen, P. A1 - Kaila, L. SP - 260 KW - ADULT MORPHOLOGY KW - ALUCITIDAE KW - CAD KW - COI KW - DITRYSIA KW - DIVERGENCE TIMES KW - EF-1ALPHA KW - GAPDH KW - IDH KW - IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY KW - LEPIDOPTERA KW - MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD KW - MDH KW - PARSIMONY KW - PHYLOGENY KW - ROGUE TAXA KW - RpS5 KW - TINEODIDAE KW - TOTAL EVIDENCE AB -

"Background: Ditrysia comprise close to 99 % of all butterflies and moths. The evolutionary relationships among the ditrysian superfamilies have received considerable attention in phylogenetic studies based on DNA and transcriptomic data, but the deepest divergences remain for large parts unresolved or contradictory. To obtain complementary insight into the evolutionary history of the clade, and to test previous hypotheses on the subdivision of Ditrysia based on morphology, we examine the morphology of larvae, pupae and adult males and females of 318 taxa representing nearly all ditrysian superfamilies and families. We present the most comprehensive morphological dataset on Ditrysia to date, consisting of over 500 morphological characters. The data are analyzed alone and combined with sequence data (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear protein-coding gene regions, sequenced from 422 taxa). The full dataset consists of 473 exemplar species. Analyses are performed using maximum likelihood methods, and parsimony methods for the morphological dataset. We explore whether combining morphological data and DNA-data can stabilize taxa that are unstable in phylogenetic studies based on genetic data only.

Results: Morphological characters are found phylogenetically informative in resolving apical nodes (superfamilies and families), but characters serving as evidence of relatedness of larger assemblages are few. Results include the recovery of a monophyletic Tineoidea, Sesioidea and Cossoidea, and a stable position for some unstable taxa (e.g. Epipyropidae, Cyclotornidae, Urodoidea + Schreckensteinioidea). Several such taxa, however, remain unstable even though morphological characters indicate a position in the tree (e.g. Immidae). Evidence supporting affinities between clades are suggested, e.g. a novel larval synapomorphy for Tineidae. We also propose the synonymy of Tineodidae with Alucitidae, syn. nov.

Conclusions: The large morphological dataset provides information on the diversity and distribution of morphological traits in Ditrysia, and can be used in future research on the evolution of these traits, in identification keys and in identification of fossil Lepidoptera. The “backbone” of the phylogeny for Ditrysia remains largely unresolved. As previously proposed as an explanation for the scarcity of molecular signal in resolving the deeper nodes, this may be due to the rapid radiation of Ditrysia in the Cretaceous."

VL - 15 ER -