<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brehm, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fischer, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorb, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kleinteich, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kühn, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neubert, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pohl, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wipfler, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wurdinger, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The unique sound production of the Death's-head hawkmoth (Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758)) revisited</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naturwissenschaften</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACHERONTIA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACOUSTICS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADULT FEEDING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADULT MORPHOLOGY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANATOMY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIGH-SPEED VIDEOGRAPHY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAMMOGRAPHY CT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MANDUCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MICRO-CT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBOSCIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPHINGIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SQUEAKING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">X-RAY VIDEOGRAPHY</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;When disturbed, adults of the Death&amp;rsquo;s-head hawkmoth (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae: &lt;em&gt;Acherontia atropos&lt;/em&gt;) produce short squeaks by drawing in and deflating air into and out of the pharynx as a defence mechanism. We took a new look at Prell&amp;rsquo;s hypothesis of a two-phase mechanism by providing new insights into the functional morphology behind the pharyngeal sound production of this species. First, we compared the head anatomy of &lt;em&gt;A. atropos&lt;/em&gt; with another sphingid species, &lt;em&gt;Manduca sexta&lt;/em&gt;, by using micro-computed tomography (CT) and 3D reconstruction methods. Despite differences in feeding behaviour and capability of sound production in the two species, the musculature in the head is surprisingly similar. However, &lt;em&gt;A. atropos&lt;/em&gt; has a much shorter proboscis and a modified epipharynx with a distinct sclerotised lobe projecting into the opening of the pharynx. Second, we observed the sound production in vivo with X-ray videography, mammography CT and high-speed videography. Third, we analysed acoustic pressure over time and spectral frequency composition of six &lt;em&gt;A. atropos&lt;/em&gt; specimens, both intact and with a removed proboscis. Single squeaks of &lt;em&gt;A. atropos&lt;/em&gt; last for ca. 200 ms and consist of an inflation phase, a short pause and a deflation phase. The inflation phase is characterised by a burst of ca. 50 pulses with decreasing pulse frequency and a major frequency peak at ca. 8 kHz, followed by harmonics ranging up to more than 60 kHz. The deflation phase is characterised by a less clear acoustic pattern, a lower amplitude and more pronounced peaks in the same frequency range. The removal of the proboscis resulted in a significantly shortened squeak, a lower acoustic pressure level and a slightly more limited frequency spectrum. We hypothesise that the uptake of viscous honey facilitated the evolution of an efficient valve at the opening of the pharynx (i.e. a modified epipharynx), and that sound production could relatively easily have evolved based on this morphological pre-adaptation.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></section></record></records></xml>