<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raguso, R.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The long-tongued hawkmoth pollinator niche for native and invasive plants in Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOGEOGRAPHY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COELONIA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FLOWER COLOUR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVASIVE SPECIES</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NECTAR COMPOSITION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEPHELE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POLLINATION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POLLINATOR SHIFT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBOSCIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOUTH AFRICA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPHINGIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WORLDMAP1</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-36</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;Background and Aims&lt;/strong&gt; Unrelated organisms that share similar niches often exhibit patterns of convergent evolution&lt;br /&gt;
	in functional traits. Based on bimodal distributions of hawkmoth tongue lengths and tubular white flowers in&lt;br /&gt;
	Africa, this study hypothesized that long-tongued hawkmoths comprise a pollination niche (ecological opportunity)&lt;br /&gt;
	that is distinct from that of shorter-tongued hawkmoths.&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt; Field observations, light trapping, camera surveillance and pollen load analysis were used to identify&lt;br /&gt;
	pollinators of plant species with very long-tubed (&amp;gt;8 cm) flowers. The nectar properties and spectral reflectance of&lt;br /&gt;
	these flowers were also measured. The frequency distributions of proboscis length for all captured hawkmoths and&lt;br /&gt;
	floral tube length for a representative sample of night-blooming plant species were determined. The geographical&lt;br /&gt;
	distributions of both native and introduced plant species with very long floral tubes were mapped.&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;strong&gt;Key Results&lt;/strong&gt; The convolvulus hawkmoth &lt;em&gt;Agrius convolvuli&lt;/em&gt; is identified as the most important pollinator of&lt;br /&gt;
	African plants with very long-tubed flowers. Plants pollinated by this hawkmoth species tend to have a very long&lt;br /&gt;
	(approx. 10 cm) and narrow flower tube or spur, white flowers and large volumes of dilute nectar. It is estimated&lt;br /&gt;
	that &amp;gt;70 grassland and savanna plant species in Africa belong to the &lt;em&gt;Agrius &lt;/em&gt;pollination guild. In South Africa, at&lt;br /&gt;
	least 23 native species have very long floral tubes, and pollination by &lt;em&gt;A. convolvuli&lt;/em&gt; or, rarely, by the closely related&lt;br /&gt;
	hawkmoth &lt;em&gt;Coelonia fulvinotata&lt;/em&gt;, has been confirmed for 11 of these species. The guild is strikingly absent from the&lt;br /&gt;
	species-rich Cape floral region and now includes at least four non-native invasive species with long-tubed flowers&lt;br /&gt;
	that are pre-adapted for pollination by &lt;em&gt;A. convolvuli&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt; This study highlights the value of a niche perspective on pollination, which provides a framework&lt;br /&gt;
	for making predictions about the ecological importance of keystone pollinators, and for understanding patterns of&lt;br /&gt;
	convergent evolution and the role of floral traits in plant colonization.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
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