<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasovs, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palaoro, A.V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aprelev, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beard, C.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adler, P.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kornev, K.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haemolymph viscosity in hawkmoths and its implications for hovering flight</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGRIUS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CERATOMIA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOLBA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENYO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUMORPHA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HAEMOLYMPH</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEMARIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOVERING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HYLES</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MANDUCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PHYSIOLOGY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPHINGIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISCOSITY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XYLOPHANES</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.218</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">290</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20222185</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;span&gt;Viscosity determines the resistance of haemolymph flow through the insect &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;body. For flying insects, viscosity is a major physiological parameter limiting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;flight performance by controlling the flow rate of fuel to the flight muscles, cir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;culating nutrients and rapidly removing metabolic waste products. The more&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; viscous the haemolymph, the greater the metabolic energy needed to pump it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; through confined spaces. By employing magnetic rotational spectroscopy with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;nickel nanorods, we showed that viscosity of haemolymph in resting hawk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;moths (Sphingidae) depends on wing size non-monotonically. Viscosity &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;increases for small hawkmoths with high wingbeat frequencies, reaches a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;maximum for middle-sized hawkmoths with moderate wingbeat frequencies, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;and decreases in large hawkmoths with slower wingbeat frequencies but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; greater lift. Accordingly, hawkmoths with small and large wings have viscos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ities approaching that of water, whereas hawkmoths with mid-sized wings &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;have more than twofold greater viscosity. The metabolic demands of flight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; correlate with significant changes in circulatory strategies via modulation of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; haemolymph viscosity. Thus, the evolution of hovering flight would require &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;fine-tuned viscosity adjustments to balance the need for the haemolymph to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;carry more fuel to the flight muscles while decreasing the viscous dissipation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; associated with its circulation.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20222185</style></section></record></records></xml>