<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goyret, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markwell, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raguso, R.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of decoupling olfactory and visual stimuli on the foraging behavior of Manduca sexta</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Experimental Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MANDUCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OLFACTION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPHINGIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEMPORAL DECOUPLING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1398-1405</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Within an appetitive context, &lt;em&gt;Manduca sexta&lt;/em&gt;, a nectivorous nocturnal hawkmoth, can be attracted by a range of stimuli including floral volatiles and visual display, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Several studies on this and other flower-visiting insects have shown how olfactory and visual stimulation play (or do not play) a role in attraction and feeding. Nevertheless, these studies have consistently manipulated stimuli in a`presence&amp;ndash;absence&amp;#39; manner. Here, we experimentally decoupled the presentation of both stimuli spatially and temporally in a wind tunnel, rather than entirely eliminating either one, and found that the decision-making process based on these stimuli is more flexible and complex than previously asserted. &lt;em&gt;Manduca sexta&lt;/em&gt; was most responsive when both cues were present and emanated from the same source. When stimuli were spatially separated, responsiveness levels were comparable to those elicited by a single stimulus. However, transient olfactory stimulation either before or after visually guided approach (temporal decoupling) enhanced responsiveness to an odorless visual target. Additionally, searching times were increased by either a transient olfactory stimulation before take-off or by having the flower model spatially separated from the odor source tracked by the moths. Finally,in a dual-choice experiment, moths showed a strong bias for the visual display over the odor plume, suggesting the former to be the ultimate indicator of a nectar source. Our manipulation of floral cues shows that the feeding behavior of &lt;em&gt;M. sexta&lt;/em&gt;, and probably of other nectivorous insects, is based not only on the sensory stimulation &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt; but also on the temporal and spatial pattern in which these stimuli are perceived.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1398</style></section></record></records></xml>