<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, A.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venoms of Lepidoptera: evolution, composition, and molecular modes of action</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANTHELIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUPTEROTIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HAEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LASIOCAMPIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIMACODIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LONOMIA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SATURNIIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCOLI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VENOM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-022924- 014200</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-269</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Animal venoms are a focus of research due to the hazards they represent&amp;nbsp;and to their relationship to evolution and ecology, pharmacology, biodiscovery, and biotechnology.Venoms have evolved multiple times in Lepidoptera, mostly as defensive adaptations that protect the larval life stages. While&amp;nbsp;venoms are always produced in structures derived from cuticle and setae,&amp;nbsp;they are diverse in their composition and bioactivity, reflecting their multiple evolutionary origins. The most common result of envenomation by&amp;nbsp;lepidopterans is pain and inflammation, but envenomation by some species&amp;nbsp;causes fatal hemorrhagic syndromes or chronic inflammatory conditions in&amp;nbsp;humans or veterinary pathologies such as equine amnionitis and fetal loss.&amp;nbsp;The handful of lepidopteran venom toxins that have been characterized includes coagulotoxins from &lt;em&gt;Lonomia obliqua&lt;/em&gt; (Saturniidae) and pain-causing&amp;nbsp;cecropin-like peptides from &lt;em&gt;Doratifera vulnerans&lt;/em&gt; (Limacodidae). However,&amp;nbsp;our knowledge of lepidopteran venoms remains comparatively poor, with&amp;nbsp;further studies required to yield a clear picture of the evolution, composition,&amp;nbsp;and function of venoms produced by Lepidoptera.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251</style></section></record></records></xml>