@article {22558, title = {The first complete mitochondrial genome of the hawkmoth Marumba saishiuana (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and insights into its phylogenetic position}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA Part B}, volume = {7}, year = {2022}, pages = {1525-1527}, chapter = {1525}, abstract = {

\"In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenome of Marumba saishiuana Okamoto, 1924. The complete mitogenome sequence of M. saishiuana is circular, 15,662 bp in size and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (CR). Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A\þT nucleotides (81.2\%). Most of 13 PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN, except cox1, which starts with CGA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using nucleotide sequences. A total of 32 Smerinthinae species were selected. The topology based on mitogenome showed that M. saishiuana, M. gaschkewitschii, and M. sperchius formed a clade, and this indicated that M. saishiuana was a member of genus Marumba. Polyptychus trilineatus was the most closely related to genus Marumba on the phylogenetic tree reconstructed by mitogenomes.\"

}, keywords = {CHINA, MARUMBA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2022.2110009}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2022.2110009}, author = {Meng, Y.-F. and Wang, Y and Wang, M. and Huang, Y.-X. and Wang, X.} } @article {22966, title = {High-quality haploid genomes corroborate 29 chromosomes and highly conserved synteny of genes in Hyles hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {24}, year = {2023}, month = {08/2023}, pages = {443}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

\"Background

Morphological and traditional genetic studies of the young Pliocene genus Hyles have led to the understanding that despite its importance for taxonomy, phenotypic similarity of wing patterns does not correlate with phylogenetic relationship. To gain insights into various aspects of speciation in the Spurge Hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae), we assembled a chromosome-level genome and investigated some of its characteristics.

Results

The genome of a male H. euphorbiae was sequenced using PacBio and Hi-C data, yielding a 504 Mb assembly (scaffold N50 of 18.2 Mb) with 99.9\% of data represented by the 29 largest scaffolds forming the haploid chromosome set. Consistent with this, FISH analysis of the karyotype revealed n = 29 chromosomes and a WZ/ZZ (female/male) sex chromosome system. Estimates of chromosome length based on the karyotype image provided an additional quality metric of assembled chromosome size. Rescaffolding the published male H. vespertilio genome resulted in a high-quality assembly (651 Mb, scaffold N50 of 22 Mb) with 98\% of sequence data in the 29 chromosomes. The larger genome size of H. vespertilio (average 1C DNA value of 562 Mb) was accompanied by a proportional increase in repeats from 45\% in H. euphorbiae (measured as 472 Mb) to almost 55\% in H. vespertilio. Several wing pattern genes were found on the same chromosomes in the two species, with varying amounts and positions of repetitive elements and inversions possibly corrupting their function.

Conclusions

Our two-fold comparative genomics approach revealed high gene synteny of the Hyles genomes to other Sphingidae and high correspondence to intact Merian elements, the ancestral linkage groups of Lepidoptera, with the exception of three simple fusion events. We propose a standardized approach for genome taxonomy using nucleotide homology via scaffold chaining as the primary tool combined with Oxford plots based on Merian elements to infer and visualize directionality of chromosomal rearrangements. The identification of wing pattern genes promises future understanding of the evolution of forewing patterns in the genus Hyles, although further sequencing data from more individuals are needed. The genomic data obtained provide additional reliable references for further comparative studies in hawkmoths (Sphingidae).\"

}, keywords = {CHROMOSOMES, DNA, HEMARIS, HI-C, HYLES, KARYOLOGY, LAOTHOE, MACROGLOSSUM, MANDUCA, MERIAN ELEMENTS, MIMAS, MITOGENOME, PACBIO LONG READS, SPHINGIDAE, SYNTENY}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-023-09506-y}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09506-y}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Schell, T. and Patzold, F. and Wright, C.J. and Yoshido, A. and Marec, F. and Danek, H. and Winkler, S. and Greve, C. and Podsiadlowski, L. and Hiller, M. and Pippel, M.} } @article {22715, title = {Characterization of seventeen complete mitochondrial genomes: structural features and phylogenetic implications of the lepidopteran insects}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, year = {2022}, month = {10/2022}, pages = {998}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

\"Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) are widely distributed in the world, but high-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera remains uncertain. More mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) data can help to conduct comprehensive analysis and construct a robust phylogenetic tree. Here, we sequenced and annotated 17 complete moth mitogenomes and made comparative analysis with other moths. The gene order of trnM-trnI-trnQ in 17 moths was different from trnI-trnQ-trnM of ancestral insects. The number, type, and order of genes were consistent with reported moths. The length of newly sequenced complete mitogenomes ranged from 14,231 bp of Rhagastis albomarginatus to 15,756 bp of Numenes albofascia. These moth mitogenomes were typically with high A+T contents varied from 76.0\% to 81.7\% and exhibited negative GC skews. Among 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), some unusual initiations and terminations were found in part of newly sequenced moth mitogenomes. Three conserved gene-overlapping regions and one conserved intergenic region were detected among 17 mitogenomes. The phylogenetic relationship of major superfamilies in Macroheterocera was as follows: (Bombycoidea + Lasiocampoidea) + ((Drepanoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea)), which was different from previous studies. Moreover, the topology of Noctuoidea as (Notodontidae + (Erebidae + Noctuidae)) was supported by high Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP = 1.0) and bootstrapping values (BSV = 100). This study greatly enriched the mitogenome database of moth and strengthened the high-level phylogenetic relationships of Lepidoptera.\"

}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BOMBYCOIDEA, DNA, DOLBINA, LASIOCAMPIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA, MITOGENOME, PARALEBEDA, PHYLLOSPHINGIA, PHYLOGENY, RHAGASTIS, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.3390/insects13110998}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13110998}, author = {Cheng, M. and Liu, Y. and Zheng, X. and Zhang, R. and Feng, K. and Yue, B. and Du, C. and Zhou, C.} } @article {22657, title = {Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of eight diurnal hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): new insights into the origin and evolution of diurnalism in sphingids}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, year = {2022}, month = {09/2022}, pages = {887}, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

\"We newly sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of 22 species from three subfamilies in the family Sphingidae. The mitogenomes of six diurnal species were newly sequenced, assembled, and annotated in this study (Hemaris radians, Macroglossum bombylans, Macroglossum fritzei, Macroglossum pyrrhosticta, Neogurelca himachala, and Sataspes xylocoparis) and, together with those of two previously reported diurnal hawkmoths (Cephonodes hylas and Macroglossum stellatarum), were analyzed in terms of sequence length, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio, gene spacing, and repeat sequences. The phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of Sphingidae were analyzed to explore the origin divergence time, and evolutionary status of diurnal sphingids. In addition, we performed divergence time estimation and reconstruction of ancestral characters. Diurnal behavior of hawkmoths first originated 29.19 million years ago (Mya) and may have been influenced by the combination of herbaceous flourishing, which occurred 26\–28 Mya, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the large-scale evolution of bats in the Oligocene to Pre-Miocene. Moreover, diurnalism in hawkmoths had multiple independent origins.\"

}, keywords = {ANCESTRAL STATE RECONSTRUCTION, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CEPHONODES, CHINA, DIURNALISM, HEMARIS, MACROGLOSSUM, MITOGENOME, MTDNA, NEOGURELCA, PHYLOGENY, SATASPES, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.3390/insects13100887}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100887}, author = {Huang, Y.-X. and Xing, Z.-P. and Zhang, H. and Xu, Z.-B. and Tao, L.-L. and Hu, H.-Y. and Kitching, I.J. and Wang, X.} } @article {22627, title = {Mitochondrial genomes of two wild silkmoths, Samia watsoni and Samia wangi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), and their phylogenetic implications}, journal = {European Journal of Entomology}, volume = {119}, year = {2022}, month = {08/2022}, pages = {337-353}, chapter = {337}, abstract = {

\"The wild silkmoth genus Samia H\übner, 1819 (Saturniidae) contains a number of economically important species in industrial silk production. However, the interspecific relationships within the genus remain unclear. We sequence the mitogenomes of Samia watsoni Oberth\ür, 1914 and Samia wangi Naumann \& Peigler, 2001. Both mitogenomes are annotated and found to be cyclized, with 37 genes (13 PCGs, 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes). Using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, we analyze these mitogenomes together with a further 68 downloaded from GenBank (65 Bombycoidea and 5 Lasiocampidae as the outgroup) to investigate the phylogenetic relationships both within the genus and those among the three families of the \‘SBS\’ group: Bombycidae, Saturniidae and Sphingidae. The results show that within Samia, S. ricini is closely related to S. canningi, and not S. cynthia of which it has previously been considered to be a subspecies. Although arguments have been proposed to treat S. ricini and S. canningi as conspecific, we choose to accept the morphological arguments and continue to treat them as two separate species. Samia watsoni is corroborated as the sister group of all other Samia species, but nevertheless should be included within Samia rather than being placed in its own monobasic genus. Our analysis recovers the following relationship among the three families of the \‘SBS\’ group: (Saturniidae + (Bombycidae + Sphingidae)). This agrees with previous studies based on analysis of mitogenomes but continues to contradict the results derived from phylogenomic analysis of nuclear genomes.\"

}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BOMBYCIDAE, DNA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, PHYLOGENY, SAMIA, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, issn = {1802-8829}, doi = {10.14411/eje.2022.035}, author = {Du, D. and Huang, Y. and Naumann, S. and Kitching, I.J. and Xu, Z. and Sun, Y. and Wang, X.} } @article {22521, title = {Next-generation sequencing yields the complete mitochondrial genome of Rhodoprasina callantha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and its evolutionary status}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA Part B}, volume = {7}, year = {2022}, month = {08/2022}, pages = {1468-1470}, chapter = {1468}, abstract = {

\"In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of Rhodoprasina callantha Jordan, 1929. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of R. callantha was 15,343 bp in size and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and one control region (CR). The nucleotide composition of mitogenome was highly biased to A and T. Most protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with the standard start codon of ATN and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG. The phylogeny of Sphingidae based on nucleotide sequences of PCGs recovered the monophyly of subfamilies of Sphingidae with high support values. Langinae was the first subfamily diverged in Sphingidae, which was in accordance with previous study. R. callantha was the member of subfamily Smerinthinae, and closely related to the genus Marumba.\"

}, keywords = {CHINA, DNA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, PHYLOGENY, RHODOPRASINA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2022.2107461}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2022.2107461}, author = {Meng, Y.-F. and Lv, G.-T. and Huang, Y.-X. and Wang, X. and Wu, Y.-L.} } @article {22558, title = {Phylogenetic relationship and characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Smerinthus planus (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA Part B}, volume = {7}, year = {2022}, pages = {941-943}, chapter = {941}, abstract = {

\"In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Smerinthus planus Walker, 1856 was sequenced and analyzed. This mitochondrial genome is circular, 15,375 bp long, and includes 37 typical metazoan mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes) and an A+T-rich region. Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A+T nucleotides (80.1\%). All 13 PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using amino acids of 13 PCGs which shows that S. planus is closely related to Barbourion lemaii.\"

}, keywords = {CHINA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, PHYLOGENY, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2022.2080014}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2022.2080014}, author = {Meng, Y.-F. and Chen, C.-F. and Huang, Y.-X. and Wang, X. and Zhang, B.} } @article {22558, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of Kentrochrysalis streckeri (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and phylogenetic analysis}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA Part B}, volume = {7}, year = {2022}, pages = {908-910}, chapter = {908}, abstract = {

\"In this study, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Kentrochrysalis streckeri (Staudinger, 1880). The complete mitogenome sequence of K. streckeri is circular, 15,253 bp in size and contains 13 protein- coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a control region (CR). Nucleotide composition was A\þT biased, and all the PCGs exhibited a positive AT-skew, which was reflected in the nucleotide composition, codon, and amino acid usage. Most PCGs start with ATG or ATT and stop with TAA. However, COX1 gene starts with CGA and three genes (COX1, COX2, NAD5) use the incomplete stop codon T. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the relationship (K. streckeri+((Manduca sexta+Sphinx morio)+(Psilogramma increta+(Psilogramma menephron+Notonagemia analis scribae)))).\"

}, keywords = {CHINA, KENTROCHRYSALIS, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2022.2078238}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2022.2078238}, author = {Huang, Y.-X. and Zhu, X.-S. and Zhang, H. and Qi, L.Q. and Jin, H.Z. and Bian, C.L. and Chen, W.L. and Wang, X.} } @article {22521, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hawkmoth, Ambulyx tobii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and phylogenetic analysis}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA Part B}, volume = {7}, year = {2022}, pages = {629-631}, chapter = {629}, abstract = {

\"In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of Ambulyx tobii to compare mitochondrial genome structures and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of A. tobii is circular, 15,343 bp in size and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (CR). Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (81.2\%). Most PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using both 13 PCGs and whole mitochondrial genomes showed that A. tobii is closely related to A. substrigilis.\"

}, keywords = {AMBULYX, CHINA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2022.2059407}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2022.2059407}, author = {Meng, Y.-F. and Lv, G.-T. and Huang, Y.-X. and Wang, X. and Wu, Y.-L.} } @article {22490, title = {Characterization of the complete mitochondrial DNA of Theretra japonica and its phylogenetic position within the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {754}, year = {2018}, month = {05/2018}, pages = {127-139}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

\"In the present study, the complete mitogenome of Theretra japonica was sequenced and compared with other sequenced mitogenomes of Sphingidae species. The mitogenome of T. japonica, containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes) and a region rich in adenine and thymine (AT-rich region), is a circular molecule with 15,399 base pairs (bp) in length. The order and orientation of the genes in the mitogenome are similar to those of other sequenced mitogenomes of Sphingidae species. All 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons except for the cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) which is initiated by the codon CGA as observed in other lepidopteran insects. Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 2 gene (cox2) has the incomplete termination codon T and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene (nad1) terminates with TAG while the remainder terminates with TAA. Additionally, the codon distributions of the 13 PCGs revealed that Ile and Leu2 are the most frequently used codon families and codons CGG, CGC, CCG, CAG, and AGG are absent. The 431 bp AT-rich region includes the motif ATAGA followed by a 23 bp poly-T stretch, short tandem repeats (STRs) of TC and TA, two copies of a 28 bp repeat \‘ATTAAATTAATAAATTAA TATATTAATA\’ and a poly-A element. Phylogenetic analyses within Sphingidae confirmed that T. japonica belongs to the Macroglossinae and showed that the phylogenetic relationship of T. japonica is closer to Ampelophaga rubiginosa than Daphnis nerii. Phylogenetic analyses within Theretra demonstrate that T. japonica, T. jugurtha, T. suffusa, and T. capensis are clustered into one clade.\"

}, keywords = {BARCODING, DNA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, MTDNA, NEIGHBOR-JOINING, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.754.23404}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.754.23404}, author = {Li, J. and Lin, R.-R. and Zhang, Y.-Y. and Hu, K.-J. and Zhao, Y.-Q. and Li, Y. and Huang, Z.-R. and Zhang, X. and Geng, X.-X. and Ding, J.-H.} } @article {22308, title = {The complete mitogenome sequence of the hawk moth, Theretra latreillii subsp. lucasii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Zhejiang Province, China}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA, B}, volume = {6}, year = {2021}, month = {06/2021}, pages = {1880-1882}, chapter = {1880}, abstract = {

\"The sphingid, Theretra latreillii subsp. lucasii is a common hawk moth distributed in southeast Asia and Australian regions. Although barcode analyses have been published, its complete mitogenome sequence has not been deciphered. In this study, the complete mitogenome of T. latreillii lucasii (GeneBank accession no. MW539688) was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten system for mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis. The mitogenome was 15,354 bp in length and comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) with the typical gene order and orientation of Sphingidae mitogenomes. The nucleotide composition of majority strand is 41.2\% for A, 7.4\% for G, 12.0\% for C, and 39.4\% for T, with an A\þT content of 80.6\%. Phylogenetic analysis using the 13 PCGs fully resolved T. latreillii lucasii in a clade with T. japonica, Macroglossum stellatarum, and Ampelophaga rubiginosa, with high nodal support both by Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods, forming the Macroglossini monophyletic group.\"

}, keywords = {BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CHINA, FOODPLANT, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2021.1934152}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1934152}, author = {Lu, Q. and Yao, H. and Zhang, J. and Xu, H. and Jiang, C.} } @article {22271, title = {The phylogenetics and biogeography of the Central Asian hawkmoths, Hyles hippophaes and H. chamyla: Can mitogenomics and machine learning bring clarity?}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {05/2021}, pages = {213}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

\"The western Palaearctic species of the hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) have long been the subject of molecular phylogenetic research. However, much less attention has been paid to the taxa inhabiting the central and eastern Palaearctic, particularly Central Asia, where almost 50\% of the species diversity of the genus occurs. Yet, many taxonomic conundrums hinder a proper assessment of the true diversity in these moths. One still unresolved group of species includes Hyles hippophaes and Hyles chamyla. Despite a largely overlapping morphology and ecology, a plethora of infraspecific taxa display some unique divergent characters over a wide geographical area. In this study, we undertook a taxonomic assessment of each population and resolved this species complex using an integrative approach. A combination of new computational techniques (DAISY-II) in comparative morphology and recent advances in DNA extraction methods and sequencing of museum specimens (WISC) alongside more traditional genetic approaches allowed testing of the three main phenotypes\—bienerti, chamyla and apocyni\—in terms of their morphological, mitochondrial and biogeographical integrity, and to elucidate their evolutionary relationships. Our results support the existence of two closely related species, Hyles chamyla and H. hippophaes, but \“H. chamyla apocyni\” is best regarded as a hybrid between H. chamyla and H. h. bienerti. The results indicate that the evolutionary relationship between H. chamyla and H. hippophaes is one of admixture in the context of ongoing ecological differentiation, which has led to shared morphological characters and a blurring of the species boundaries. These results clarify the evolutionary relationships of this species complex and open future research lines, including the analysis of nuclear markers and denser sampling, particularly of H. hippophaes and H. vespertilio in western Europe.\"

}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, CATALOGUE, CENTRAL ASIA, DAISY-II, DISTRIBUTION, DNA, HYBRIDS, HYLES, INTROGRESSION, MACHINE LEARNING; ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORKS, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, MTDNA, PHYLOGENOMICS, PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS, SPHINGIDAE, TCS NETWORKS, TYPES, WING PATTERN}, doi = {10.3390/d13050213}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/d13050213}, author = {Patzold, F. and Marabuto, E. and Daneck, H. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, M.A. and Kitching, I.J. and Hundsdoerfer, A.K.} } @article {22269, title = {First mitogenome of subfamily Langiinae (Lepidoptera Sphingidae) with its phylogenetic implications}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {789}, year = {2021}, month = {04/2021}, pages = {145667}, chapter = {145667}, abstract = {

\"To date, a relatively complete classification of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) has been generated, but the phylogeny of the family remains need to be fully resolved. Some phylogenetic relationships within Sphingidae still remains uncertain, especially the taxonomic status of the subfamily Langiinae and its sole included genus and species, Langia zenzeroides. To begin to address this problem, we generated nine new complete mitochondrial genomes, including that of Langia, and together with that of Theretra oldenlandiae from our previous study and 25 other Sphingidae mitogenomes downloaded from GenBank, analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of Sphingidae and investigated the mitogenomic differences among members of the Langiinae, Sphinginae, Smerinthinae and Macroglossinae. The mitogenomes of Sphingidae varied from 14995 bp to 15669 bp in length. The gene order of all newly sequenced mitogenomes was identical, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and the A + T-rich region. Nucleotide composition was A + T biased, and all the proteincoding genes exhibited a positive AT-skew, which was reflected in the nucleotide composition, codon, and amino acid usage. The A + T-rich region was comprised of nonrepetitive sequences, which contained regulatory elements related to the control of replication and transcription. We analyzed concatenated gene sequences, with third codon positions of protein coding genes and rRNAs excluded, using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference techniques. All four currently recognized subfamilies were recovered as monophyletic but in contrast to the most recent studies, our preferred tree placed Langiinae as the first subfamily to diverge within Sphingidae rather as sister to Smerinthinae + Sphinginae. Our results also support the removal of the genus Barbourion from the smerinthine tribe Ambulycini to an unresolved position in \“Smerinthinae incertae sedis\”.\"

}, keywords = {BARBOURION, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, DNA, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, LANGIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2021.145667}, author = {Wang, X. and Zhang, H. and Kitching, I. and Xu, Z.-B. and Huang, Y.-X.} } @article {22227, title = {Complete mitogenome of Parum colligata (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and its phylogenetic position within the Sphingidae}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4652}, year = {2019}, month = {08/2019}, pages = {126-134}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

\"In this study, the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Parum colligata (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Smerinthinae) was sequenced firstly. The mitogenome is 15,288 bp in size, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and an A+T-rich region. In the mitogenome, Ile, Leu2, and Phe are the most frequently used codon families, while codons GCG, TGC, GGC, CTG, AGG, and ACG are absent. The A+T-rich region is 358 bp in length including a motif \‘ATAGA\’, an 18 bp poly-T stretch, three copies of a 12 bp \‘TATATATATATA\’, and a short poly-A element. The nucleotides sequence of A+T-rich region is closer to Sphinginae than Macroglossinae. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the PCGs by using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods, generated consistent results that Smerinthinae was clustered together with Sphinginae to be the sister groups rather than Macroglossinae.\"

}, keywords = {CHINA, MITOGENOME, MTDNA, PARUM, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4652.1.6}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4652.1.6}, author = {Li, J. and Hu, K. and Zhao, Y. and Lin, R. and Zhang, Y. and Li, Y. and Huang, Z. and Peng, S. and Geng, X. and Zhang, H. and Zhang, X. and Ding, J.} } @article {22093, title = {Phylogeny of the hawkmoth tribe Ambulycini (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): mitogenomes from museum specimens resolve major relationships.}, journal = {Insect Systematics and Diversity}, volume = {3}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, pages = {12, 1-8}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

\"Ambulycini are a cosmopolitan tribe of the moth family Sphingidae, comprised of 10 genera, 3 of which are found in tropical Asia, 4 in the Neotropics, 1 in Africa, 1 in the Middle East, and 1 restricted to the islands of New Caledonia. Recent phylogenetic analyses of the tribe have yielded conflicting results, and some have suggested a close relationship of the monobasic New Caledonian genus Compsulyx Holloway, 1979 to the Neotropical ones, despite being found on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean. Here, we investigate relationships within the tribe using full mitochondrial genomes, mainly derived from dry-pinned museum collections material. Mitogenomic data were obtained for 19 species representing nine of the 10 Ambulycini genera. Phylogenetic trees are in agreement with a tropical Asian origin for the tribe. Furthermore, results indicate that the Neotropical genus Adhemarius Oiticica Filho, 1939 is paraphyletic and support the notion that Orecta Rothschild \& Jordan 1903 and Trogolegnum Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 may need to be synonymized. Finally, in our analysis the Neotropical genera do not collectively form a monophyletic group, due to a clade comprising the New Caledonian genus Compsulyx and the African genus Batocnema Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 being placed as sister to the Neotropical genus Protambulyx Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903. This finding implies a complex biogeographic history and suggests the evolution of the tribe involved at least two long-distance dispersal events.\"

}, keywords = {ADHEMARIUS, AMBULYCINI, BATOCNEMA, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COMPSULYX, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, NEXTGEN SEQUENCING, PHYLOGENOMICS, PHYLOGENY, PROTAMBULYX, SPHINGIDAE, TROGOLEGNUM}, doi = {10.1093/isd/ixz025}, author = {Timmermans, M.J.T.N. and Daghmoumi, S.M. and Glass, D. and Hamilton, C.A. and Kawahara, A.Y. and Kitching, I.J.} } @mastersthesis {21841, title = {A molecular phylogeny of the tribe Ambulycini (family: Sphingidae)}, volume = {BSC (Hons) Biology (Biotechnology)}, year = {2018}, month = {04/2018}, pages = {24}, type = {B.Sc.}, abstract = {

\"The Ambulycini tribe is comprised of ten genera, three of which are found in tropical Asia (Ambulyx, Amplypterus and Barbourion), four in Neotropical (Adhemarius, Orecta, Protambulyx and Trogolegnum), one in Africa (Batocnema), one in Middle East (Akbesia) and one restricted to the New Caledonian island (Compsulyx). Morphological studies suggest that the Neotropical genera form a monophyletic group. In addition, these studies also suggest the close relationship of the New Caledonia genus to the Neotropical despite being on the opposite site of the pacific. However molecular studies based on the analysis of full mitochondrial genome, has shown the paraphyly of the Neotropical genera as Protambulyx seems to be a sister group of the African genus. Furthermore it was observed that one of the Neotropical genus, Adhemarius is polyphyletic, however previous research suggest that form a monophyletic group. Molecular studies have also shown the paraphyly of the Tropical Asia genera. Moreover, the construction of the phylogenetic tree has identified the genus Ambulyx as basal taxon of the tribe suggesting tropical Asia as the area in which the tribe first evolved. However, the relationship of the New Caledonian genus to the Neotropical remains unknown as the failure to sequence this genus has made it difficult.\"

}, keywords = {ADHEMARIUS, AKBESIA, AMBULYX, AMPLYPTERUS, BARBOURION, BATOCNEMA, CLANIS, COMPSULYX, DNA, LEUCOPHLEBIA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MITOGENOME, MTDNA, NEXTGEN SEQUENCING, ORECTA, PHYLOGENY, PROTAMBULYX, SPHINGIDAE, TROGOLEGNUM, VIRICLANIS}, author = {Daghmoumi, S.M.} } @article {21179, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the hawkmoth Notonagemia analis scribae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA Part B}, volume = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {416-418}, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

\"Currently, the mitochondrial genome of only two species of Sphingidae have been completely
sequenced. For the phylogenetic study of Bombycoidea (including Bombycidae, Saturniidae and
Sphingidae) using mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), more species are required as a basis for
future research. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of the hawkmoth,
Notonagemia analis scribae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), to enrich the Sphingidae database. The length of
the N. a. scribae genome was 15,303 bp with a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs], 2
rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes), and one major non-coding A\þT-rich region. The COI gene had a CGA
start codon, which is the start codon for this gene in the majority of lepidopteran species, whereas other
PCGs began with ATN codons. A 318-bp A\þT-rich region harbored the blocks of conserved sequences
that are typically found in lepidopteran insects, excluding a poly-A stretch, which is typically found at
the end of the A\þT-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis using the 13 PCGs indicated that N. a. scribae
grouped together with two within-familial species, Sphinx morio and Manduca sexta, with the highest
nodal support both by Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods, forming the Sphingidae
monophyletic group.\"

}, keywords = {MITOGENOME, NOTONAGEMIA, SOUTH KOREA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2016.1176883}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2016.1176883}, author = {Kim, M.J. and Kim, J.S. and Kim, I.} }