@article {23067, title = {DNA barcoding elucidates ecological dynamics regulating the diversity of Theretra, H{\"u}bner 1819 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from northernmost Western Ghats}, journal = {Ecological Genetics and Genomics}, volume = {31}, year = {2024}, month = {27/3/2024}, pages = {100240}, chapter = {100240}, abstract = {

\"The study investigates the distribution and diversity of the old-world moth genus Theretra from the family Sphingidae in the Indian subcontinent. Through extensive data collection and molecular analysis from the
Northernmost Western Ghats (Nashik District), seven species of Theretra were identified: T. alecto, T. castanea, T. clotho, T. gnoma, T. nessus, T. oldenlandiae, and T. sumatrensis.
Molecular clustering identifies genetically similar specimens, which further helps to recognise similar ecological niches and the associated ecological drivers regulating the distribution pattern of similar specimens. A dataset of 196 published records from Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), including outgroup and the sequences generated in the present study for the Indian species of Theretra, were compiled in a dataset \‘THEREIND\’. The crucial role of monsoon and elevation in the diversity and distribution of these moths was comprehended using DNA barcoding and sequence clustering on BOLD. The comparisons suggested a strong correlation with either monsoon or elevation or both.
In the purview of the sixth mass extinction and the first true extinction of insects, adequate information on the diversity and the factors affecting it would provide fundamental information to insinuate conservation strategies required for coping with continuous climatic changes.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BARCODING, COI, ECOLOGY, INDIA, MTDNA, NEIGHBOR-JOINING, NICHE BREADTH, RHAGASTIS, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA}, issn = {2405-9854}, doi = {10.1016/j.egg.2024.100240}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egg.2024.100240}, author = {Shere_Kharwar, A.S. and Magdum, S.M. and Khedkar, G.D. and Singh_Gupta, S.} } @article {22970, title = {Hawkmoth fauna (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) in a semi-deciduous rainforest remnant: composition, temporal fluctuations, and new records for northeastern Brazil}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci{\^e}ncias}, volume = {85}, year = {2013}, pages = {1177-1188}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

\"We carried out a qualitative and quantitative inventory of the hawkmoth fauna (Sphingidae) of an area of semi-deciduous seasonal rainforest in the state of Pernambuco (Tapacur\á Ecological Station), northeastern Brazil. Hawkmoths were sampled monthly from October 2004 to February 2007 (27 months). We recorded 31 species from 16 genera, three tribes, and three families. Macroglossinae was the most abundant subfamily and represented ca. 71\% of all species. Out of the 277 individuals collected, 88.4\% were males. Five new records were made for northeastern Brazil: Enyo gorgon (Cramer, 1777), Perigonia stulta (Herrich-Sch\äffer, [1854]), Eupyrrhoglossum sagra (Poey, 1832), Nyceryx coffaeae (Walker, 1856) and Xylophanes chiron (Drury, 1773). Eight further species were recorded for the first time for the Pernambuco Endemism Center, showing the important role played by Tapacur\á Station in preserving the biodiversity of this insect group. Species richness and abundance were directly related to rainfall: about 70\% of all individuals were captured during the rainy season. Changes in Sphingidae populations may, however, be caused by other factors that directly affect either larvae and adults of those insects, such as matrix effect and forest fragment size, which influence migration processes and the presence of predators.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BRAZIL, DRY FOREST, ENDEMISM, PHENOLOGY, RICHNESS, SEASONALITY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Primo, L.M. and Duarte, J.A. and Machado, I.C.} } @article {22753, title = {Diversity and abundance of a pollinator group: hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in forests and surrounding farmlands, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Sciences \& Natural Resources}, volume = {31}, year = {2022}, month = {10/2022}, pages = {556307}, chapter = {556307}, abstract = {

\"Pollinators are now facing a drastic biodiversity fall in various parts of our world. In Africa data to measure and monitor their biodiversity trend is still inadequate and concentrated more on some insect pollinator groups, especially bees and butterflies. In this study, hawkmoth diversity and abundance in East Usambara Mountains were assessed. Data collection was conducted from three different habitat types that included thick vegetation assemblage with canopy cover, edges of the forest, and farmlands between 2017 and 2019. Hawkmoths were captured using a UV-light trap 250W mercury bulb in 12 sampling sites. A total of 35 hawkmoth species and 991 individuals belonging to the family Sphingidae were identified. The highest hawkmoth abundance was recorded from forest edges (p \< 0.05). Canopy cover and farmlands showed lower hawkmoth abundance. Accordingly, higher Shannon Weiner diversity indices were recorded from canopy cover and forest edges (p \< 0.05). Farmlands had the lowest Shannon Weiner diversity index. Differences in diversity and abundance of hawkmoths among three habitat types suggest that accelerating anthropogenic factors has led to the destruction of natural habitats. Meanwhile, natural habitat destruction has often been found to exert adverse effects on biodiversity. Moreover, the decline in biodiversity of pollinator insects like hawkmoths hinders the vital pollination service to both crops and wild flora. East Usambara Mountains are still an important refuge for many species that become restricted to different environments due to climate change and anthropogenic pressure, hence calling for regular pollinator conservation and monitoring. This study will provide the baseline data on hawkmoth species richness, abundances and diversity for potential conservation and monitoring programs.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, ANDRIASA, BASIOTHIA, CENTROCTENA, CEPHONODES, CHLOROCLANIS, COELONIA, CONSERVATION, DAPHNIS, DIVERSITY, EASTERN ARC MOUNTAINS, EUCHLORON, FALCATULA, HABITAT DISTURBANCE, HIPPOTION, MACROGLOSSUM, MACROPOLIANA, NEOCLANIS, NEPHELE, PANTOPHAEA, POLLINATION, POLYPTYCHUS, PSEUDOCLANIS, SHANNON-WEINER INDEX, SPHINGIDAE, TANZANIA, TEMNORA, THERETRA, USAMBARA, WORLDMAP1, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.19080/IJESNR.2022.31.556307}, author = {Sallema, A.E. and Selemani, S.S.} } @article {22740, title = {Spatial and temporal changes in moth assemblages along an altitudinal gradient, Jeju-do island}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, year = {2022}, month = {Nov-29-2022}, pages = {20534}, chapter = {20534}, abstract = {

\"Montane species on islands attract attention due to their small and isolated populations and limited dispersal potential, making them vulnerable to extinction. We investigated the diversity pattern of moth assemblages over the 12-years-period (2009\–2020) at 11 study plots on an island mountain (Mount Hallasan, Jeju-do Island, South Korea) to assess the changes in the moth assemblages in terms of species composition, richness, and abundances. We expected to find a decline in the number of species at these sites, given the reported decline in similar taxa in other temperate regions, such as Europe and North America. In contrast, we found that the numbers of species and individuals of moth populations on the island mountain have not significantly changed, except at the high-elevation sites, where the number of species has increased. Our results also show that the numbers of species and individuals are closely related to energy availability, actual evapotranspiration. Moreover, we found that the species composition during the study period has not been greatly changed, except at the lowermost and uppermost elevations. The mechanism driving this high dissimilarity of moth assemblages differed: the low-elevation site experienced high temporal turnover, and the high elevation sites also experienced high temporal turnover and nestedness resulting from active species replacement due to a recent forest fire and vegetation changes and the geographic and ecological constraints of the high elevations. To date, the moth species diversity of the temperate forests of the island mountain is not showing a drastic change. However, we observed that the moth assemblages had changed the number of species and individuals at low and high elevations. Given the biological and ecological limitations of moths (ectothermic organisms with limited habitat range) and considering the results of our study, we infer that climate change has impacted the diversity and species composition of moths on the island mountain.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ALPHA DIVERSITY, BETA DIVERSITY, CHAO 1, DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT, JEJU-DO, LEPIDOPTERA, RICHNESS, SOUTH KOREA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-24600-z}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24600-z}, author = {Choi, S.-W. and An, J.-S. and Lee, J.-Y. and Koo, K.A.} } @article {22739, title = {Diversity patterns and seasonality of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India}, journal = {Journal of Threatened Taxa}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {11/2022}, pages = {22105-22117}, chapter = {22105}, abstract = {

\"As most of the biodiversity studies report the abundance and enlist the species, there is severe data deficiency in understanding the diversity patterns. The present study was designed to carry out periodic diversity assessments to understand the trends in diversity patterns of hawk moths. The study was carried out in the northern Western Ghats in Nashik district. Seven sampling stations were identified and periodic visits to these places were carried out over the span of five years (2011\–2015). A total of 463 moths were recorded belonging to 18 species, represented by 10 genera. A new record from Western Ghat, Theretra sumatrensis (Joicey \& Kaye 1917) is reported for the first time along with its DNA barcode. Six diversity indices (four alpha diversity indices and two beta diversity indices) were employed to understand the diversity dynamics. Whittaker\’s plot was generated using the rank abundance suggesting high species evenness for all sampling stations. Maximum diversity was observed during Monsoon. Wani was the most diverse sampling station throughout the study period (Shannon\’s Index = 2.7132\±0.060; Simpson\’s Index = 0.9273\±0.006; Brillouin\’s Index = 2.252\±0.089; Fisher\’s alpha = 10.9472\±1.685). Beta diversity was assessed with the help of Dice\’s coefficient and Jaccard\’s similarity index. Hence, we recommend rigorous periodic diversity assessments to generate adequate information about diversity that expedites conservational strategies\’ pace.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, ALPHA DIVERSITY, BARCODING, BETA DIVERSITY, DAPHNIS, DIVERSITY, DNA, HIPPOTION, HYLES, INDIA, MARUMBA, NEIGHBOR-JOINING, NEPHELE, POLYPTYCHUS, PSILOGRAMMA, SHANNON-WEINER INDEX, SIMPSON{\textquoteright}S INDEX, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1}, issn = {0974-7893}, doi = {10.11609/jott.7511.14.11.22105-22117}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7511.14.11.22105-22117}, author = {Shere-Kharwar, A.S. and Magdum, S.M. and Khedkar, G.D. and Gupta, S.S.} } @article {22501, title = {Recherches bio-{\'e}cologiques dans la r{\'e}gion de Yaka-Yaka (Congo). II. Abondance, variations saisonni{\`e}res et rythme circadien d{\textquoteright}activit{\'e} des Sphingidae (L{\'e}pidopt{\`e}res)}, journal = {Annales de l{\textquoteright}Universit{\'e} de Brazzaville, S{\'e}rie C}, volume = {12}, year = {1977}, pages = {149-182}, chapter = {149}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, CONGO, ECOLOGY, SEASONALITY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Morin, C. and Grillot, J.P.} } @article {22462, title = {Alpha and beta diversity patterns of macro-moths reveal a breakpoint along a latitudinal gradient in Mongolia.}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {11}, year = {2021}, month = {11/2021}, pages = {15018}, chapter = {15018}, abstract = {

\"Little is known about the diversity and distribution patterns of moths along latitudinal gradients. We studied macro-moths in Mongolia along an 860\ km latitudinal climatic gradient to gain knowledge on community composition, alpha, beta, and gamma diversity as well as underlying factors, which can be used as baseline information for further studies related to climate change. We identified 236 species of moths of ten families. Our study shows that the diversity of moths increased with the latitude, i.e., low species richness in the south and higher richness in the north. Moth community composition changed along the gradient, and we revealed a breakpoint of beta diversity that divided grassland and desert communities. In the desert, beta diversity was driven by species loss (i.e., nestedness), and few tolerant species existed with high abundance. In contrast, in the grassland, beta diversity was driven by species replacement with more unique species, (i.e., species which occurred only in one site). We found the lowest species diversity in the transitional zones dominated by few generalist species such as Agrotis ripae and Anarta trifolii. Low precipitation and an increasing number of grazing goats are drivers of species loss. We suggest different conservation strategies regarding the contrasting patterns of beta diversity in desert and grassland.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ALPHA DIVERSITY, BETA DIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY, CALLAMBULYX, DEILEPHILA, DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, HYLES, LAOTHOE, LATITUDINAL GRADIENT, LEPIDOPTERA, MARUMBA, MONGOLIA, RICHNESS, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINX, TRAITS, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-94471-3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94471-3}, author = {Enkhtur, K. and Brehm, G. and Boldgiv, B. and Pfeiffer, M.} } @article {22461, title = {Effects of grazing on macro-moth assemblages in two different biomes in Mongolia}, journal = {Ecological Indicators}, volume = {133}, year = {2021}, month = {11/2021}, pages = {108421}, chapter = {108421}, abstract = {

\"Intensive land use, e.g. pastoralism, decreases biodiversity and leads to homogenization of habitats. However, the effect of land-use changes differs under varying climatic conditions. Thus, it is essential to study how land use affects biodiversity on a large scale. Moreover, species respond differently to environmental changes depending on whether they are specialists or generalists. We studied macro-moths in Mongolian pastures under two different grazing regimes (grazed and less grazed plots) in ten study sites that belong to two distinct biomes along a large-scale latitudinal gradient from desert to steppe. We explored 1) how livestock grazing affects macro moth diversity, species composition, and species richness, 2) how specialist and generalist moths respond to grazing in desert (Desert and xeric shrublands) and grassland (Temperate grasslands, savannas \& shrublands). Moths are sensitive to environmental changes and suitable bioindicators. We also revealed a) indicators of grazing and b) indicators representative for certain sections of the latitudinal gradient. Totally, we recorded 80 species in the desert and 202 species in grassland in 2018 and 2019, which were DNA barcoded. In the desert, grazing did not affect macro-moth diversity, whereas grassland was negatively affected. However, not all moth families showed the same response to grazing. Species diversity, species richness, and abundance of Erebidae, Geometridae, and Noctuidae were significantly higher in the less grazed plots. Further, species dissimilarity between grazed and less grazed plots was mainly due to species replacement rather than species loss. In the desert, the species richness of both specialist and generalist moths did not differ between grazed and less grazed plots; in contrast, in grassland, the species richness of both groups was higher in less grazed plots. We found two indicator species of grazing in the desert: Hyles chuvilini in less grazed, and Cucullia splendida in grazed pasture. In grassland, we found ten indicator species exclusively for less grazed pastures: Catarhoe cuculata, Euxoa ochrogaster, Lacanobia thalassina, Megalycinia strictaria, Mythimna comma, Polia bombycina, Rhyacia simulans, Sideridis kitti, Sideridis egena, and Smerinthus caecus. These indicator species can be used as references for habitat quality and for moths\’ dispersal due to climate change in future studies. Among the environmental variables, plant species richness, altitude, and livestock number were the most important variables. Species composition of high altitudes in the desert was distinct, and higher species richness in this area indicated that high altitudes could serve as a refuge area during global warming and should receive conservation management.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ANTHROPOGENE, BETA DIVERSITY, CALLAMBULYX, DEILEPHILA, DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, GRAZING, HABITAT DISTURBANCE, HYLES, INDICATOR GROUP, LAOTHOE, LEPIDOPTERA, LIVESTOCK, MARUMBA, MONGOLIA, RICHNESS, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINX, TRAITS}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108421}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108421}, author = {Enkhtur, K. and Brehm, G. and Boldgiv, B. and Pfeiffer, M.} } @article {22448, title = {Diversity of moths from the urban set-up of Valmiki Nagar, Chennai, India}, journal = {Journal of Threatened Taxa}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {12/2021}, pages = {20174-20189}, chapter = {20174}, abstract = {

\"A study was conducted at Valmiki Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India to explore its moth diversity from December 2018 to May 2021. This manuscript presents a partial checklist of moths from Valmiki Nagar. Four locations around the colony were studied to record the moth fauna. The study sites were surveyed twice a month using a mercury vapour lamp along with a white sheet, along with over 100 visits at night. Diurnal surveys were conducted bimonthly to observe larval host plants and day flying moths. A total of 135 species were recorded from the study area, belonging to nine superfamilies. The most diverse family of moths recorded was family Erebidae, with 39\% of moths recorded in the study belonging to this family, followed by Crambidae (30\%), Geometridae (8\%), and other families constituting the rest. The moth diversity in the month of July was seen to be the highest. Along with this study, future studies on similar lines will help in documenting the moth diversity of Chennai.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY, FOODPLANT, INDIA, LEPIDOPTERA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7515.13.14.20174-20189}, author = {Nagarajan, V.M. and Srinivasan, R. and Narayanaswamy, M.} } @article {22447, title = {Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea) assemblage in the State Ecological Station of Wenceslau Guimar{\~a}es, Bahia, Brazil}, journal = {Acta Scientiarum}, volume = {43}, year = {2021}, pages = {e57072}, chapter = {e57072}, abstract = {

\"The diversity of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is poorly known in the biomes of the Bahia state. However, studies were carried out in other states of the northeastern region with species inventories in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado. In order to broaden the knowledge on of the richness and diversity of hawkmoths in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, six monthly sampling sessions were carried out in the State Ecological Station of Wenceslau Guimar\ães. Hawkmoths were captured using a 250-watt mercury-vapor light trap set against a white cloth panel, for two nights a month, between 6:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. A total of 266 specimens were collected, distributed across 17 genera and 41 species. The most abundant and dominant species were Isognathus swainsoni C. Felder, 1862, with a relative abundance of 12.41\%, and Xylophanes amadis (Cramer, 1782) and Xylophanes anubus (Cramer, 1777), both with 7.9\%. Our study represents the second inventory of hawkmoths for the state, totaling 59 species known for the Atlantic Forest of Bahia. Isognathus excelsior (Boisduval, [1875]) and Manduca lucetius (Cramer, 1780) represented new records for the biome. The accumulated number of species indicates the need for further sampling in order to safely reach the curve asymptote.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST, BRAZIL, CAATINGA, CERRADO, CHAO 1, RICHNESS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, issn = {1807-863X}, doi = {10.4025/actascibiolsci.v43i1.57072}, author = {Malheiros, E.M. and Ferreira de Camargo, W.R. and de Camargo, A.J.A. and Paluch, M.} } @article {22053, title = {Species richness and abundance of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) in a tropical semi-deciduous forest of Veracruz, Mexico and the influence of climatic variables}, journal = {Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {173-182}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

\"The knowledge of saturniid moths is relevant because of their susceptibility to environmental conditions and the important number of ecological interactions they exhibit. In this study we report the species richness and abundance of the saturniids captured in a fragment of tropical semi-deciduous forest in central Veracruz, Mexico. The moths were attracted using 250 W mercury vapor lamp 1 night per month from September 2014 to August 2015. Thirty-one species belonging to 18 genera, 2 tribes and 4 subfamilies were determined. The total number of species constitutes 6.87\% and 30.39\% of the species known from Mexico and Veracruz, respectively. Coverage-based rarefaction and an extrapolation curve showed high diversity compared with previous studies in Mexico. Antheraea polyphemus mexicana, Automeris montezuma, Citheronia lobesi jordani, Hylesia coinopus, Molippa ninfa, and Pseudodirphia mexicana are endemic from Mexico. The highest richness and abundance of species were observed in May with 77\% of the species collected during this month. These variables are thought to extend periods of flight activity for copulations. This study provides a survey of Saturniidae family species richness and abundance in one of the most diverse, but disturbed ecosystems of Veracruz.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, FLIGHT PERIOD, MEXICO, PHENOLOGY, RAREFACTION, RICHNESS, SATURNIIDAE, SEMI-DECIDUOUS FOREST, THERMOREGULATION}, url = {http://revista.ib.unam.mx/index.php/bio/article/view/1847}, author = {Lara-P{\'e}rez, L.A. and Campos-Dom{\'\i}nguez, J. and D{\'\i}az-Fleischer, F. and Adame-Garc{\'\i}a, J. and Andrade-Tores, A.} } @article {21993, title = {Moth assemblages in Costa Rica rain forest mirror small-scale topographic heterogeneity}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {XX}, year = {2019}, pages = {XXX-XXX [14 pp.]}, type = {Early view}, chapter = {XXX}, abstract = {

\"In many tropical lowland rain forests, topographic variation increases environmental heterogeneity, thus contributing to the extraordinary biodiversity of tropical lowland forests. While a growing number of studies have addressed effects of topographic differences on tropical insect communities at regional scales (e.g., along extensive elevational gradients), surprisingly little is known about topographic effects at smaller spatial scales. The present study investigates moth assemblages in a topographically heterogeneous lowland rain forest landscape, at distances of less than a few hundred meters, in the Golfo Dulce region (SW Costa Rica). Three moth lineages\—Erebidae\–Arctiinae (tiger and lichen moths), the bombycoid complex, and Geometridae (inchworm moths)\—were examined by means of automatic light traps in three different forest types: creek forest, slope forest, and ridge forest. Altogether, 6,543 individuals of 419 species were observed. Moth assemblages differed significantly between the three forest types regarding species richness, total abundance, and species composition. Moth richness and abundance increased more than fourfold and eightfold from creek over slope to ridge forest sites. All three taxonomic units showed identical biodiversity patterns, notwithstanding their strong differences in multiple eco-morphological traits. An indicator species analysis revealed that most species identified as characteristic were associated either with the ridge forest alone or with ridge plus slope forests, but very few with the creek forest. Despite their mobility, local moth assemblages are highly differentially filtered from the same regional species pool. Hence, variation in environmental factors significantly affects assemblages of tropical moth species at small spatial scales.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BIODIVERSITY, COSTA RICA, ECOLOGY, EREBIDAE, GEOMETRIDAE, HERBIVORY, OROGRAPHIC HETEROGENEITY, RICHNESS, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1111/btp.12677}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12677}, author = {Rabl, D. and Gottsberger, B. and Brehm, G. and Hofhansl, F. and Fiedler, K.} } @article {21982, title = {A study of the spatio-temporal distribution changes of the Korean Hawk Moth (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Journal of Ecology and Environment}, volume = {38}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, pages = {25-38}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

\"This study was conducted in an effort to identify the fluctuation of species according to space and time by collecting information on samples of Korean Sphingid moths housed in Korea. The number of Sphingidae moth species housed in Korea was found to be 53. As 48 species and 47 species were found in Gyeongsangnam-do and Gangwon-do, respectively, relatively diverse species were considered to be distributed in these areas. Comparatively, in Jeollabuk-do only 36 species were found, whereas in Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeju Island 39 species were found. The number of individual Sphingid moths surveyed in Korea was 21,414. With regard to the number of individuals per species, Ampelophaga rubiginosa was highest, at 2,483, followed by Theretra japonica (1,716), Callambulyx tatarinovii (1,457), Acosmeryx naga (1,340), Rhagastis mongoliana (1,191), Marumba sperchius (1,083), and Dolbina tancrei (1,072). By region, the largest number of individuals was surveyed in Gyeongsangnam-do (4,595), followed in order by Gangwon-do (3,648 individuals), Gyeonggido (3,011), Jeollanam-do (2,454), and Jeju Island (2,382). Over time, the highest numbers\—in this case 9,498 individuals in 52 species\—were identified after 2000. In the 1990s, there were 6,027 of 49 species identified; in 1980s, 4,332 individuals of 49 species were identified; and, in the 1970s, 937 individuals of 45 species were identified. It was confirmed that more species and individuals were identified as time passed. The appearance of Sphingid moths by month was found to be as relatively diverse, as they appeared from February to November. Overall, southern species, including M. saishiuana, Cephonodes hylas, Acosmeryx castanea, T. nessus, and T. clotho, which mainly inhabit Jeju Island and the southern part of Korea, have increased over time from the past to the present. Species inhabiting the middle or northern parts of the Korean Peninsula or the entire country of Korea, including Sphingulus mus, Ambulyx schauffelbergeri, and Mimas christophi, show decreases over time.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISTRIBUTION, KOREA, PHENOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5141/ecoenv.2015.003}, author = {Han, Y.-G. and Cho, Y. and Kwon, O. and Kang, Y.-K. and Park, Y.-J. and Kim, Y. and Choi, M.-J. and Nam, S.-H.} } @article {21728, title = {The effect of agricultural management on the distribution and abundance of Arsenura armida (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Chiapas, Mexico}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {71}, year = {2017}, month = {11/2017}, pages = {236-248}, chapter = {236}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, AGRICULTURE, ARSENURA, FOODPLANT, HUMAN FOOD, MEXICO, SATURNIIDAE}, issn = {0024-0966}, url = {https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-the-lepidopterists-society/volume-71/issue-4/lepi.71i4.a6/The-Effect-of-Agricultural-Management-on-the-Distribution-and-Abundance/10.18473/lepi.71i4.a6.full}, author = {Molina-Nery, M.C. and Ruiz-Montoya, L. and Castro-Ram{\'\i}rez, A.E. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Diaz, A.A. and Caballero_Roque, A.} } @article {21386, title = {Abundance and species richness of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in the fragmented landscape of Santa Cruz (Bolivia)}, journal = {Ecolog{\'\i}a en Bolivia}, volume = {48}, year = {2013}, month = {04/2013}, pages = {46-51}, chapter = {46}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ADHEMARIUS, AGRIUS, BOLIVIA, CALLIONIMA, COCYTIUS, ENYO, ERINNYIS, EUMORPHA, MADORYX, MANDUCA, NEOCOCYTIUS, PACHYLIA, PACHYLIOIDES, PERIGONIA, PROTAMBULYX, PSEUDOSPHINX, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1, XYLOPHANES}, issn = {1605-2528}, author = {Karger, D.N. and Abrahamczyk, S. and Kessler, M.} } @article {21167, title = {Study of the diversity of hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Wuyi Mountain Nature Reserve}, journal = {Entomotaxonomia}, volume = {33}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, pages = {303-311}, chapter = {303}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, CHINA, DIVERSITY, PHENOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Lin, T. and Lin, N.-Q.} } @article {21076, title = {Diversity and composition of Amazonian moths in primary, secondary and plantation forests}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology}, volume = {25}, year = {2009}, pages = {281-300}, chapter = {281}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ARCTIINAE, BRAZIL, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY, EREBIDAE, RAREFACTION, RICHNESS, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1017/S0266467409006038}, author = {Hawes, J. and Motta, C._da_S. and Overal, W.L. and Barlow, J. and Gardner, T.A. and Peres, C.A.} } @article {20905, title = {Staying out (almost) all night: contrasting responses in flight activity among tropical moth assemblages}, journal = {Neotropical Entomology}, volume = {44}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {109-115}, chapter = {109}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BEHAVIOUR, FLIGHT PERIOD, FRENCH GUIANA, INCOMPLETE, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-014-0264-3}, author = {Lamarre, G.P.A. and Mendoza, I. and Rougerie, R. and Deca{\"e}ns, T. and H{\'e}rault, B. and B{\'e}n{\'e}luz, F.} } @mastersthesis {20861, title = {Diversidade comparada de tra{\c c}as nocturnas no PNQ e na Baia de Pemba}, volume = {B.Sc.}, year = {2014}, pages = {viii + 43}, school = {Universidade L{\'u}rio}, address = {Cabo Delgado, Mozambique}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BIODIVERSITY, FLIGHT PERIOD, MOZAMBIQUE, PHENOLOGY, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {de Encarna{\c c}{\~a}o, E.R.O.} } @mastersthesis {20530, title = {Characterization of a tropical hawkmoth (family Sphingidae) community in an Atlantic lowland rainforest}, volume = {MSc}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {137}, school = {State University of New York College at Fredonia}, address = {Fredonia}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST, BIODIVERSITY, CHAO 1, CHAO 2, CONSERVATION, COSTA RICA, DIVERSITY, JACKKNIFE, SAMPLING, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Wickham, J.D.} } @article {20177, title = {Observations on the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad}, journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research}, volume = {73}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {201-232}, chapter = {201}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY, FLIGHT PERIOD, PHENOLOGY, SAMPLING, SEX RATIO, SPHINGIDAE, TRINIDAD, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Stradling, D.J. and Legg, C.J. and Bennett, F.D.} } @article {20053, title = {Abundance and distribution of moths of the families Saturniidae and Sphingidae in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai}, journal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society}, volume = {96}, year = {1999}, month = {12/1999}, pages = {379-386}, chapter = {379}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, FOODPLANT, INDIA, PHENOLOGY, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/189533$\#$page/405/mode/1up}, author = {Shubhalaxmi, V. and Chaturvedi, N.} } @article {19952, title = {Patterns of diversity and vertical stratification in hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of a Bornean rain forest}, journal = {Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie}, volume = {11}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {767-770}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Schulze, C. H. and Fiedler, K.} } @article {19699, title = {Die Sahel-Niederschl{\"a}ge als Ursache f{\"u}r die unterschiedliche H{\"a}ufigkeit von Totenkopfschw{\"a}rmern Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) in Mitteleuropa n{\"o}rdlich der Alpen}, journal = {Atalanta}, volume = {40}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {165-168}, chapter = {165}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ACHERONTIA, EUROPE, GERMANY, MIGRATION, SAHEL, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Atalanta_40_0165-0168.pdf}, author = {Reichholf, J.H.} } @article {19667, title = {Hyles wilsoni wilsoni (Rothschild) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): light trapping in the Olaa rain forest, Island of Hawaii}, journal = {Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society}, volume = {35}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {121-124}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

\"Seasonal fluctuation in relative abundance of the endemic hawk moth Hyles wilsoni wilsoni (Rothschild) was determined in its natural habitat, the Olaa rain forest (1200 m elevation, 2157 mm average total precipitation/year), Island of Hawaii, using a light trap (fluorescent black-light tube, 10 watts) operated daily from July 1992 until July 1993. The moth was widespread during August, November, and December of 1992, and from February to April of 1993. Moth catch per night peaked in November (0.41 moth/night, mean temperature 16.5\°C), February (0.53 moth/night, 14.1\°C), and April (0.38 moth/night, 15.8\°C). This study indicates that H.\  wilsoni wilsoni is not as abundant as previously recorded.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, HAWAII, HYLES, SPHINGIDAE, USA}, url = {https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/26001/1/PHES35_121-124.pdf}, author = {Ramadan, M.M.} } @article {19515, title = {Species diversity and seasonal abundance in tropical Sphingidae (Lepidoptera)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (A)}, volume = {44}, year = {1969}, note = {A}, month = {1969}, pages = {162-168}, chapter = {162}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY, PHENOLOGY, SIERRA LEONE, SPHINGIDAE}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1969.tb00823.x}, author = {Owen, D.F.} } @article {18755, title = {Seasonality and abundance of sphingids in a garden on the lower slopes of the Uluguru Mountains in Morogoro Township in Tanzania}, journal = {Journal of East African Natural History}, volume = {87}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {213-220}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, PHENOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE, TANZANIA, WORLDMAP}, author = {Kingston, A. J. and Nummelin, M.} } @book {18536, title = {A recognition guide to the insects of St. Lucia. 2: Hawkmoths. Lepidoptera, Sphingoidea}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {36}, publisher = {W.I.N.B.A.N. \& the St. Lucia Naturalists{\textquoteright} Society}, organization = {W.I.N.B.A.N. \& the St. Lucia Naturalists{\textquoteright} Society}, address = {St Lucia}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ADHEMARIUS, AELLOPOS, AGRIUS, COCYTIUS, ENYO, ERINNYIS, EUMORPHA, FLIGHT PERIOD, HYLES, KEY, LESSER ANTILLES, MADORYX, MANDUCA, NEOCOCYTIUS, PACHYLIA, PERIGONIA, PHRYXUS, PROTAMBULYX, PSEUDOSPHINX, SAINT LUCIA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1, XYLOPHANES}, author = {Hunt, D. and Mitchell, G.} } @mastersthesis {18304, title = {Impacts of landscape level disturbance on Amazonian moth assemblages}, volume = {M.Sc.}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {45}, school = {University of East Anglia}, address = {Norwich}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BIODIVERSITY, BRAZIL, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, CONSERVATION, DIVERSITY, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Hawes, J.} } @article {18046, title = {The relative abundance and seasonal distribution of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) attracted to mercury vapour lights in Samaru, northern Nigeria}, journal = {Nigerian Journal of Science}, volume = {2}, year = {1968}, month = {1968}, pages = {45-54}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, NIGERIA, PHENOLOGY, SAMPLING, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP}, author = {Giles, P. H.} } @article {17822, title = {Relative abundance of some lepidopterous moths attracted to a light-trap at Al-Arish city, north Sinai during two successive years}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural Science}, volume = {42}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {643-653}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {El-Bassiouny, M. L. and Salem, M. M. and Negm, F. H.} } @article {17632, title = {Riqueza, abund{\^a}ncia e sazonalidade de Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) num fragmento de Mata Atl{\^a}ntica de Pernambuco, Brasil}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Zoologia}, volume = {22}, year = {2005}, month = {09/2005}, pages = {662-666}, chapter = {662}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST, BRAZIL, RICHNESS, SEASONAL VARIATION, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Duarte-Jr, J.A. and Schlindwein, C.} } @article {17372, title = {Synchronous phenology of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) and Inga species (Fabacaeae-Mimosoideae): implications for the restoration of the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil}, journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation}, volume = {20}, year = {2011}, month = {04/2011}, pages = {751-765}, chapter = {751}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST, BRAZIL, CONSERVATION, FABACEAE, INGA, PACHYGONIDIA, PHENOLOGY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-010-9975-x}, author = {Cruz-Neto, O. and Machado, I.C. and Duarte-Jr, J.A. and Lopez, A.V.} } @article {17031, title = {Distribution and phenologies of Louisiana Sphingidae}, journal = {Journal of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {51}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {156-175}, chapter = {156}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, BAIT TRAPS, FLIGHT PERIOD, PHENOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE, USA}, url = {https://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1997/1997-51(2)156-Brou.pdf}, author = {Brou_Jr, V.A. and Brou, C.D.} } @article {16821, title = {Extending the study of range-abundance relations to tropical insects: sphingid moths in Southeast Asia}, journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {677-690}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY, HABITAT DISTURBANCE, RANGE SIZE, SOUTHEAST ASIA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Beck, J. and Kitching, I. J. and Linsenmair, K. E.} }