@article {22238, title = {New source of genetic polymorphisms in Lepidoptera?}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Naturforschung C}, volume = {60}, year = {2005}, pages = {618-624}, chapter = {618}, abstract = {

\"The variability level of the ISSR (inter-simple sequences repeat) primer (GACA)4 was examined in the three Lepidoptera families Pyralidae, Sphingidae and Pieridae. Our study shows that the tetra-repeat (GACA)n is evidently present in sufficient numbers in these butterflies to provide informative DNA fingerprints. The variability is mostly rather high, but within a comparable range to other ISSR studies. Although less polymorphisms may be encountered in some butterfly families, this study indicates that high variability of this marker may be a common characteristic of Lepidoptera genomes. An appeal for a minimal level of standardization of ISSR-PCR data analysis is formulated to enable an exact comparison between the groups of organisms studied with this fingerprint technique.\"

}, keywords = {CRAMBIDAE, DNA, HYLES, ISSR, PIERIDAE, SPHINGIDAE}, issn = {0939-5075}, doi = {10.1515/znc-2005-7-818/html}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/znc-2005-7-818/html}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Wink, M.} } @article {20568, title = {Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Chemoecology}, volume = {12}, year = {2002}, month = {03/2002}, pages = {25-46}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

\"Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.
The nicotine binding site of both \α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the \α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).
Only 10 to 20\% of nicotine injected into larvae of nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90\% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods applied. Usually more than 98\% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na\ïve larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites.\"

}, keywords = {16S, DNA, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, MANDUCA, NACHR, NICOTINE, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, TOLERANCE}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00049-002-8324-2}, author = {Wink, M. and Theile, V.} } @article {18526, title = {The molecular phylogeny of the {IHyles euphorbiae} complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Organisms, Diversity \& Evolution}, volume = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {27}, keywords = {ABSTRACT, BIOGEOGRAPHY, DNA, HYLES, ISSR, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A. and Kitching, I. and Wink, M.} } @article {18532, title = {A revised molecular phylogeny of the globally distributed hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {52}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {852-865}, chapter = {852}, keywords = {AUSTRALIA, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, BIOGEOGRAPHY, COI, COII, DNA, EF-1ALPHA, HAWAII, HYLES, MADAGASCAR, MTDNA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, TRNA(LEU), WORLDMAP1}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Rubinoff, D. and Atti{\'e}, M. and Wink, M. and Kitching, I.J.} } @article {18535, title = {Incongruence of morphology and genetic markers in Hyles tithymali (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Canary Islands}, journal = {Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {316-322}, chapter = {316}, abstract = {

\"Hyles t. tithymali on the Canary Islands has been observed to occur in two larval morphotypes, connected by intermediate forms along a geographical cline from east to west. In this study, it was tested whether this distribution of phenotypes reflects a genealogical division of the population. mtDNA sequence data (COI + II, tRNA-leu) and genomic fingerprints from intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)-PCR data were used. The sequence data had low variation (max. 0.4\%), and phylogenetic analyses did not reveal groups that correlated with the morphotype. The samples did not group according to their island of origin and the most common haplotype was shared among all islands. Although nine haplotypes occurred only on the westernmost islands, the data showed little phylogeographical structure. The population of H. t. tithymali appears to reflect a comparatively rapid and recent colonization event of the Canary Islands. The ISSR-PCR data were very variable and did not reveal patterns corresponding to morphological variation or geographical distribution. Although the two morphs observed may represent the first stage of differentiation between two lineages, the recent origin of H. t. tithymali provided insufficient time for complete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphism. Hence, the population of Hyles t. tithymali on the Canary Islands appears genetically more homogeneous than that was expected from the phenotypic distribution of the two morphotypes in the population.\"

}, keywords = {CANARY ISLANDS, CLINES, COI, HYLES, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, ISSR, MTDNA, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00366.x}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Wink, M.} } @article {18534, title = {Sequestration of phorbol esters by aposematic larvae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)?}, journal = {Chemoecology}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {261-267}, chapter = {261}, abstract = {

\"The larvae of the hawkmoth species Hyles euphorbiae have a conspicuous aposematic colouration and show gregarious behaviour. It has thus been suggested that they sequester phorbol esters from their food plants which include different species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) for chemical protection against predators. To test this hypothesis in more detail, we fed larvae an artificial diet with three doses of 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), then examined the faeces and the larval tissues, such as integument, haemolymph and gut of the caterpillars for the presence of TPA. In order to determine the ability of the larvae to detoxify phorbol esters, other larvae were directly injected with a TPA solution and analysed in the same manner. Our study indicates that the larvae of Hyles euphorbiae do not sequester phorbol esters. Upon oral application TPA was not found in the larval integument or the haemolymph. Instead, it was mostly metabolised (about 70\–90\%). Nevertheless, about 10-30\% were retained and recovered in the faeces. The larvae were also able to metabolise and thus detoxify the phorbol ester when TPA was injected directly into the body. These hawkmoth caterpillars are relatively large and have a gut full of plant material, which they regurgitate into the direction of the predator when attacked in nature. Since phorbol esters are very potent toxins and irritants, we postulate that the gut content (and especially the plant slurry disgorged as regurgitant from the anterior gut) alone could be aversive for a potential predator, even if some metabolism has taken place. Thus, although H. euphorbiae caterpillars do not actively sequester phorbol esters, their aposematic colouration appears to be based on chemical defence through phorbol esters retained in the gut.\"

}, keywords = {APOSEMATISM, DEFENCE, HYLES, PHORBOL ESTER, SEQUESTRATION, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1007/s00049-005-0321-9}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Tshibangu, J.N. and Wetterauer, B. and Wink, M.} } @article {18529, title = {Morphological variability of Hyles t. tithymali (Boisduval, 1832) caterpillars on the Canary Islands (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {115}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {29-33}, chapter = {29}, keywords = {CANARY ISLANDS, CLINES, HYBRIDS, HYLES, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, LARVAL POLYMORPHISM, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Kitching, I.J. and Wink, M.} } @article {18530, title = {A molecular phylogeny of the hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Macroglossinae)}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {442-458}, chapter = {442}, abstract = {

\"The hawkmoth genus Hyles is one of 15 genera in the subtribe Choerocampina of the subfamily Macroglossinae. Due to a remarkable uniformity, morphological characters usually used to identify and classify Lepidoptera at the species level cannot be used in this genus. Instead, we used DNA sequences comprising about 2300bp derived from the mitochondrial genes COX I, COX II, and tRNA-leucine to elucidate the phylogeny of Hyles. The results corroborate the monophyly of Hyles but conflict with previous internal classifications of the genus based on morphology. Hyles seems to have evolved in the Neotropics during the Oligocene/Eocene epochs and the molecular data (which evolved clock-like) confirm the hypothesis that it is a very young genus that radiated on a global scale rather quickly. We hypothesize its sister group to be one of the genera Deilephila, Theretra or Xylophanes. The Nearctic may have been colonized rapidly by Hyles once the land bridge formed during the Pliocene, since within this same Epoch, the invasion of the Palaearctic appears to have proceeded from the East, via the Bering route. The colonization of Australia appears to have occurred rather early in Hyles radiation, although the route is not clear. We propose that the radiation of the Hyles euphorbiae-complex s. str. (HEC) occurred as recently as the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary and that its roots can still be reconstructed in Asia. Hyles dahlii is closely related to the HEC, but a sister group relationship to the HEC s. str. cannot be corroborated unequivocally. HEC population ranges appear to have tracked climate oscillations during the Pleistocene Ice Ages, resulting in hybridization around the Mediterranean Sea as they repeatedly intermingled. Comparison of the phylogeny with food plant affiliations leads us to hypothesize that Euphorbia monophagy evolved at least two times independently within Hyles.\"

}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, CLADISTICS, CLASSIFICATION, COI, COII, HYLES, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MTDNA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.004}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Kitching, I.J. and Wink, M.} } @article {18531, title = {The phylogeny of the Hyles euphorbiae complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): molecular evidence from sequence data and ISSR-PCR fingerprints}, journal = {Organisms, Diversity \& Evolution}, volume = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {173-198}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

\"The evolutionary history of the Hyles euphorbiae complex (HEC) was studied using mitochondrial DNA sequences comprising about 2300 bp derived from the genes cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (COX I) and II (COX II) and tRNA-leucine. In addition, we collected genomic fingerprinting data by ISSR-PCR to assess if and how the bi-parentally inherited nucleome may have diverged differently to the maternally inherited mitochondria. The COX sequences revealed a clear geographical pattern of genetic differentiation of the HEC into two main lineages, H. euphorbiae and H. tithymali. Our results provide no evidence that H. dahlii falls within a HEC s. str., although a sister-group relationship cannot be ruled out. The sequence data indicated intraspecific subdivisions and gene flow patterns, and possibly detected both introgression and a major contact zone on Mediterranean islands between these two evolutionary lineages. Hyles tithymali is hypothesized to have been able to retain ancient polymorphisms until the present, whereas H. euphorbiae appears to have (re)colonized its current distribution range after the Ice Ages from a few (or even only one) refugial populations by leptokurtic dispersal, resulting in low diversity. The ISSR-PCR data showed much higher variability among individuals of the HEC than did mtDNA sequence data. They provided insights into the genomic distribution of the simple sequence repeat (GACA)4 and appear to describe a more complex pattern of introgression in the HEC. Our data revealed the HEC as a very young species complex, in which we have detected two distinct mitochondrial lineages, corresponding to H. tithymali (including the deserticola, mauretanica and himyarensis lineages) and H. euphorbiae (including H. robertsi), respectively.\"

}, keywords = {COI, COII, DISPERSALISM, HYBRID ZONE, HYBRIDS, HYLES, ICE AGES, INTROGRESSION, ISSR, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MOLECULAR CLOCK, MTDNA, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, VICARIANCE}, doi = {10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.012}, author = {Hundsdoerfer, A.K. and Kitching, I.J. and Wink, M.} }