@article {22617, title = {Eine Revision der Cocytiina Tutt, 1904 mit besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Gattung Panogena Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.)}, volume = {43}, year = {2022}, month = {08/2022}, pages = {56-59}, chapter = {56}, keywords = {AMPHIMOEA, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CERBERONOTON, COCYTIUS, FOODPLANT SPECIFICITY, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, NEOCOCYTIUS, PANOGENA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {21548, title = {Long-spurred Angraecum orchids and long-tongued sphingid moths on Madagascar: a time frame for Darwin{\textquoteright}s predicted Xanthopan/Angraecum coevolution}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {122}, year = {2017}, month = {07/2017}, pages = {469-478}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

\"Trait matching between the Madagascan orchid Angraecum sesquipedale, with a nectar spur of 33 cm, and a hawkmoth with a tongue almost as long has fascinated biologists since Darwin, who saw only flowers but correctly predicted the moth pollinator. This moth, Xanthopan morgani praedicta, was described from museum specimens in 1903 and documented as the pollinator in photographs and film in 1992 and 2004. However, Madagascar harbours c. 30 species of long-spurred orchids and seven species of long-tongued hawkmoths, and mutualisms between moths and \‘Angraecum and other deep tubular flowers\’ (Darwin, 1862: p. 202) probably involve a network of interacting species. We infer the evolutionary time over which Madagascan sphingids and Angraecum have interacted, based on an orchid phylogeny that includes 62 of 144 Angraecum species on Madagascar and a moth phylogeny with all nine Madagascan Sphinginae. Clock models using either rate- or fossil-based calibrations imply that the Madagascan subspecies X. morgani praedicta and the African morgani diverged 7.4 \± 2.8 Mya, which overlaps the divergence of An. sesquipedale from its sister, Angraecum sororium, namely 7.5 \± 5.2 Mya; since both have extremely long spurs, long spurs probably existed before that. The phylogenies moreover show that several long-tongued moths and long-spurred orchids probably coevolved on Madagascar since the mid-Miocene, although field data on the moths\’ levels of polyphagy and pollen transport are lacking.\"

}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, CAD, COEVOLUTION, COI, DARWIN, DDC, EF-1ALPHA, EVOLUTION, MADAGASCAR, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, MOLECULAR CLOCK, ORCHIDACEAE, PHYLOGENY, POLLINATION, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, WINGLESS}, doi = {10.1093/biolinnean/blx086}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx086}, author = {Netz, C. and Renner, S.S.} } @article {21308, title = {Habitat impact on ultraviolet reflectance in moths}, journal = {Physiological Ecology}, volume = {45}, year = {2016}, month = {08/2016}, pages = {1300-1305}, chapter = {1300}, abstract = {

\"A comparison of 95 species of Central European moths, representing 11 families and inhabiting various habitats, was carried out in order to detect the potential impact of biotope on the ultraviolet (UV) light reflectance of their wings. Based on digitized photographs taken under UV light conditions, a phylogeny-controlled redundancy analysis relating UV reflectance to preferred habitat type (xerophilous, mesophilous, and hygrophilous) and habitat openness (open, semiopen, and closed) was carried out. Species preferring hygrophilous habitats displayed significantly higher UV wing reflectance than species inhabiting xerothermic and mesic habitats, and this pattern remained significant even after controlling for phyletic relationships. In contrast, UV wing reflectance displayed no pattern related to habitat openness. Given the higher UV reflectance of water and humid surfaces, we interpret these results, which are based on the first comprehensive sampling of UV reflectance in Central European moths, in terms of predator avoidance under habitat-specific light conditions. We conclude that the moisture content of the environment may markedly contribute to the variation of appearance of moth wings for better imitation habitat characteristics and therefore to increase protection.\"

}, keywords = {AGLIA, BRAHMAEIDAE, DEILEPHILA, ECOLOGY, HEMARIS, HYLES, HYLOICUS, LEMONIA, LEPIDOPTERA, MIMICRY, PHYLOGENY, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SATURNIA, SATURNIIDAE, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, ULTRAVIOLET REFLECTANCE}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw097}, author = {Zapletalov{\'a}, L. and Zalpletal, M. and Konvi{\v c}ka, M.} } @article {21298, title = {Conservation, duplication, and divergence of five opsin genes in insect evolution}, journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {02/2016}, pages = {579-587}, chapter = {579}, abstract = {

\"Opsin proteins covalently bind to small molecular chromophores and each protein-chromophore complex is sensitive to particular wavelengths of light. Multiple opsins with different wavelength absorbance peaks are required for color vision. Comparing opsin responses is challenging at low light levels, explaining why color vision is often lost in nocturnal species. Here, we investigated opsin evolution in 27 phylogenetically diverse insect species including several transitions between photic niches (nocturnal, diurnal, and crepuscular).We find widespread conservation of five distinct opsin genes, more than commonly considered.\  These comprise one c-opsin plus four r-opsins (long wavelength sensitive or LWS, blue sensitive, ultra violet [UV] sensitive and the often overlooked Rh7 gene). Several recent opsin gene duplications are also detected. The diversity of opsin genes is consistent with color vision in diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal insects. Tests for positive selection in relation to photic niche reveal evidence for adaptive evolution in UVsensitive opsins in day-flying insects in general, and in LWS opsins of day-flying Lepidoptera specifically.\"

}, keywords = {BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYX, C-OPSINS, COLOUR VISION, DAY/NIGHT TRANSITIONS, EREBIDAE, EVOLUTION, GENE DUPLICATION, INSECTA, LWS-OPSIN, MANDUCA, OPSIN, PHYLOGENY, R-OPSINS, SPHINGIDAE, VISION}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evw015}, author = {Feuda, R. and Marl{\'e}taz, F. and Bentley, M.A. and Holland, P.W.H.} } @article {20925, title = {Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {6407-6412}, chapter = {6407}, keywords = {ACOUSTICS, AMBULYX, ANCESTRAL STATE RECONSTRUCTION, BATS, BAYESIAN INFERENCE, CECHETRA, DEFENCE, DIVERGENCE TIMES, DNA, EPTESICUS, HYLES, JAMMING, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PHYLOGENY, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, PSILOGRAMMA, RAXML, SONOGRAM, SPHINGIDAE, STRIDULATION, ULTRASONICS, XYLOPHANES}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1416679112}, author = {Kawahara, A.Y. and Barber, J.R.} } @article {20568, title = {Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Chemoecology}, volume = {12}, year = {2002}, month = {03/2002}, pages = {25-46}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

\"Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.
The nicotine binding site of both \α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the \α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).
Only 10 to 20\% of nicotine injected into larvae of nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90\% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods applied. Usually more than 98\% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na\ïve larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites.\"

}, keywords = {16S, DNA, HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, MANDUCA, NACHR, NICOTINE, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, TOLERANCE}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00049-002-8324-2}, author = {Wink, M. and Theile, V.} } @article {19854, title = {Phylogenetics and species status of Hawai{\textquoteleft}i{\textquoteright}s endangered Blackburn{\textquoteright}s Sphinx Moth, Manduca blackburni (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Pacific Science}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {31-41}, chapter = {31}, keywords = {BARCODING, CAD, COI, EF-1ALPHA, HAWAII, MANDUCA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, USA, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.2984/66.1.2}, author = {Rubinoff, D. and San Jose, M. and Kawahara, A.Y.} } @article {18880, title = {Phylogenetic relationships in the genus {ICrinum} (Amaryllidaceae) with emphasis on tropical African species: evidence from {ItrnL-F} and nuclear ITS DNA sequence data}, journal = {Taxon}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {801-810}, keywords = {AGRIUS, AMARYLLIDACEAE, CRINUM, DNA, ITS, PHYLOGENY, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, TRNL-F}, author = {Kwembeya, E. G. and Bjor{\r a}, C. S. and Stedje, B. and Nordal, I.} } @article {18781, title = {The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan{\textquoteright}s Sphinx, {IXanthopan morganii} (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {135}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {471-527}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACHERONTIINI, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AGRIUS, AMPHIMOEA, CALLOSPHINGIA, CLASSIFICATION, COCYTIUS, COELONIA, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MACROPOLIANA, MANDUCA, MEGACORMA, MEGANOTON, NEOCOCYTIUS, PANOGENA, PANTOPHAEA, PHYLOGENY, POLIANA, POLLINATION, PSILOGRAMMA, SPHINGIDAE, WEIGHTING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Kitching, I. J.} } @book {18783, title = {The biology of death{\textquoteright}s head hawkmoths, lepidopteran kleptoparasites of honey bees}, series = {Central Association of Beekeepers Lecture Booklet Series}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {20}, publisher = {Central Association of Beekeepers}, organization = {Central Association of Beekeepers}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ADULT FEEDING, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, APIS, BIOLOGY, COEVOLUTION, DISTRIBUTION, IMMATURE STAGES, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, SQUEAKING}, isbn = {1-904379-13-3}, author = {Kitching, I.J.} } @article {18782, title = {Phylogeny of the death{\textquoteright}s head hawkmoths, Acherontia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {71-88}, chapter = {71}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACHERONTIINI, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AGRIUS, APIS, CALLOSPHINGIA, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MEGACORMA, MEGANOTON, PANOGENA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WEIGHTING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Kitching, I.J.} } @article {17015, title = {Phylotranscriptomics: saturated third codon positions radically influence the estimation of trees based on next-gen data}, journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {10/2013}, pages = {2082-2092}, chapter = {2082}, abstract = {

\"Recent advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have led to a surge in the number of phylogenetic studies that incorporate large amounts of genetic data. We test the assumption that analyzing large number of genes will lead to improvements in tree resolution and branch support using moths in the superfamily Bombycoidea, a group with some interfamilial relationships that have been difficult to resolve. Specifically, we use a next-gen data set that included 19 taxa and 938 genes (\∼1.2M bp) to examine how codon position and saturation might influence resolution and node support among three key families. Maximum likelihood, parsimony, and species tree analysis using gene tree parsimony, on different nucleotide and amino acid data sets, resulted in largely congruent topologies with high bootstrap support compared with prior studies that included fewer loci. However, for a few shallow nodes, nucleotide and amino acid data provided high support for conflicting relationships. The third codon position was saturated and phylogenetic analysis of this position alone supported a completely different, potentially misleading sister group relationship. We used the program RADICAL to assess the number of genes needed to fix some of these difficult nodes. One such node originally needed a total of 850 genes but only required 250 when synonymous signal was removed. Our study shows that, in order to effectively use next-gen data to correctly resolve difficult phylogenetic relationships, it is necessary to assess the effects of synonymous substitutions and third codon positions.\"

}, keywords = {ACTIAS, ANTHERAEA, BOMBYCIDAE, BOMBYX, CERATOMIA, DARAPSA, DNA, ENYO, HEMARIS, INCOMPLETE, MANDUCA, MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD, PARSIMONY, PHYLOGENY, RADICAL, RAXML, SAMIA, SATURATION, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, SYNONYMOUS SUBSTITUTIONS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evt157}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evt157}, author = {Breinholt, J.W. and Kawahara, A.Y.} }