@article {22753, title = {Diversity and abundance of a pollinator group: hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in forests and surrounding farmlands, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Sciences \& Natural Resources}, volume = {31}, year = {2022}, month = {10/2022}, pages = {556307}, chapter = {556307}, abstract = {

\"Pollinators are now facing a drastic biodiversity fall in various parts of our world. In Africa data to measure and monitor their biodiversity trend is still inadequate and concentrated more on some insect pollinator groups, especially bees and butterflies. In this study, hawkmoth diversity and abundance in East Usambara Mountains were assessed. Data collection was conducted from three different habitat types that included thick vegetation assemblage with canopy cover, edges of the forest, and farmlands between 2017 and 2019. Hawkmoths were captured using a UV-light trap 250W mercury bulb in 12 sampling sites. A total of 35 hawkmoth species and 991 individuals belonging to the family Sphingidae were identified. The highest hawkmoth abundance was recorded from forest edges (p \< 0.05). Canopy cover and farmlands showed lower hawkmoth abundance. Accordingly, higher Shannon Weiner diversity indices were recorded from canopy cover and forest edges (p \< 0.05). Farmlands had the lowest Shannon Weiner diversity index. Differences in diversity and abundance of hawkmoths among three habitat types suggest that accelerating anthropogenic factors has led to the destruction of natural habitats. Meanwhile, natural habitat destruction has often been found to exert adverse effects on biodiversity. Moreover, the decline in biodiversity of pollinator insects like hawkmoths hinders the vital pollination service to both crops and wild flora. East Usambara Mountains are still an important refuge for many species that become restricted to different environments due to climate change and anthropogenic pressure, hence calling for regular pollinator conservation and monitoring. This study will provide the baseline data on hawkmoth species richness, abundances and diversity for potential conservation and monitoring programs.\"

}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, ANDRIASA, BASIOTHIA, CENTROCTENA, CEPHONODES, CHLOROCLANIS, COELONIA, CONSERVATION, DAPHNIS, DIVERSITY, EASTERN ARC MOUNTAINS, EUCHLORON, FALCATULA, HABITAT DISTURBANCE, HIPPOTION, MACROGLOSSUM, MACROPOLIANA, NEOCLANIS, NEPHELE, PANTOPHAEA, POLLINATION, POLYPTYCHUS, PSEUDOCLANIS, SHANNON-WEINER INDEX, SPHINGIDAE, TANZANIA, TEMNORA, THERETRA, USAMBARA, WORLDMAP1, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.19080/IJESNR.2022.31.556307}, author = {Sallema, A.E. and Selemani, S.S.} } @article {21580, title = {{\'E}tat de nos connaissances des L{\'e}pidopt{\`e}res H{\'e}t{\'e}roc{\`e}res de S{\~a}o Tom{\'e} et Principe}, journal = {Saturnafrica}, volume = {25}, year = {2017}, month = {04/2017}, pages = {11-27}, chapter = {11}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, BUNAEA, CEPHONODES, COELONIA, COSSIDAE, DAPHNIS, EREBIDAE, EUCHLORON, GEOMETRIDAE, HIPPOTION, LASIOCAMPIDAE, NEPHELE, NOTODONTIDAE, NUDAURELIA, PRINCIPE, PSEUDOCLANIS, SAO TOME, SATURNIIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, THERETRA, THYRIDIDAE, URANIIDAE, XANTHOPAN, ZYGAENIDAE}, isbn = {979-10-95105-04-6}, author = {Basquin, P.} } @article {21089, title = {The long-tongued hawkmoth pollinator niche for native and invasive plants in Africa}, journal = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {117}, year = {2016}, pages = {25-36}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

\"Background and Aims Unrelated organisms that share similar niches often exhibit patterns of convergent evolution
in functional traits. Based on bimodal distributions of hawkmoth tongue lengths and tubular white flowers in
Africa, this study hypothesized that long-tongued hawkmoths comprise a pollination niche (ecological opportunity)
that is distinct from that of shorter-tongued hawkmoths.
Methods Field observations, light trapping, camera surveillance and pollen load analysis were used to identify
pollinators of plant species with very long-tubed (\>8 cm) flowers. The nectar properties and spectral reflectance of
these flowers were also measured. The frequency distributions of proboscis length for all captured hawkmoths and
floral tube length for a representative sample of night-blooming plant species were determined. The geographical
distributions of both native and introduced plant species with very long floral tubes were mapped.
Key Results The convolvulus hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli is identified as the most important pollinator of
African plants with very long-tubed flowers. Plants pollinated by this hawkmoth species tend to have a very long
(approx. 10 cm) and narrow flower tube or spur, white flowers and large volumes of dilute nectar. It is estimated
that \>70 grassland and savanna plant species in Africa belong to the Agrius pollination guild. In South Africa, at
least 23 native species have very long floral tubes, and pollination by A. convolvuli or, rarely, by the closely related
hawkmoth Coelonia fulvinotata, has been confirmed for 11 of these species. The guild is strikingly absent from the
species-rich Cape floral region and now includes at least four non-native invasive species with long-tubed flowers
that are pre-adapted for pollination by A. convolvuli.
Conclusions This study highlights the value of a niche perspective on pollination, which provides a framework
for making predictions about the ecological importance of keystone pollinators, and for understanding patterns of
convergent evolution and the role of floral traits in plant colonization.\"

}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, COELONIA, ECOLOGY, FLOWER COLOUR, INVASIVE SPECIES, NECTAR COMPOSITION, NEPHELE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, PROBOSCIS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcv137}, author = {Johnson, S.D. and Raguso, R.A.} } @book {20461, title = {Sphingidae}, series = {List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum}, volume = {8}, year = {1856}, month = {1856}, pages = {1-271}, publisher = {Trustees of the British Museum}, organization = {Trustees of the British Museum}, chapter = {1}, address = {London}, keywords = {ACOSMERYX, AGNOSIA, ALEURON, ANGONYX, BASIOTHIA, CALLAMBULYX, CALLIONIMA, CATALOGUE, CAUTETHIA, CECHENENA, CERATOMIA, CIZARA, CLANIS, COELONIA, DAPHNUSA, DOLBA, DOLBINA, ELIBIA, ENPINANGA, EUPYRRHOGLOSSUM, HIMANTOIDES, HIPPOTION, LAPARA, LEUCOSTROPHUS, MACROGLOSSUM, MANDUCA, MARUMBA, MEGACORMA, MEGANOTON, NEOGURELCA, NEPHELE, NYCERYX, ORYBA, PERIGONIA, POLYPTYCHUS, PROTAMBULYX, PSEUDOCLANIS, PSILOGRAMMA, RHAGASTIS, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINGONAEPIOPSIS, TEMNORA, THERETRA, UNZELA, XANTHOPAN, XYLOPHANES}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120096$\#$page/9/mode/1up}, author = {Walker, F.} } @article {19807, title = {A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae}, journal = {Novitates Zoologicae (Supplement)}, volume = {9}, year = {1903}, month = {1903}, pages = {i-cxxxv + 1-972}, chapter = {1}, keywords = {ACOSMERYX, ADHEMARIUS, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AELLOPOS, AGNOSIA, ALEURON, AMBULYX, AMPHIMOEA, ANGONYX, ANTINEPHELE, BATOCNEMA, CALLIONIMA, CATALOGUE, CATE DIAGNOSIS, CECHENENA, CEPHONODES, CERATOMIA, CHAEROCINA, CLADISTICS, CLANIDOPSIS, CLANIS, CLARINA, CLASSIFICATION, COELONIA, CYPA, CYPOIDES, ELLENBECKIA, ENPINANGA, EURYGLOTTIS, FALCATULA, FOODPLANT, HIPPOTION, HOPLISTOPUS, HYLES, ISOPARCE, LANGIA, LAOTHOE, LEPTOCLANIS, LEUCOMONIA, LIKOMA, LINTNERIA, LOMOCYMA, MACROGLOSSUM, MANDUCA, MARUMBA, NANNOPARCE, NEOGENE, NEOGURELCA, NEPHELE, NYCERYX, PACHYLIA, PANTOPHAEA, PERIGONIA, PHANOXYLA, PHRYXUS, PHYLLOXIPHIA, POLIANA, POLYPTYCHUS, PRAEDORA, PROTALEURON, PROTAMBULYX, PSEUDOCLANIS, PSILOGRAMMA, RETHERA, RHAGASTIS, RHODAFRA, RHODOPRASINA, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINX, STOLIDOPTERA, TEMNORA, TEMNORIPAIS, TETRACHROA, THAMNOECHA, THERETRA, TROGOLEGNUM, UNZELA, WORLDMAP1(PART), XANTHOPAN, XYLOPHANES}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37200$\#$page/1/mode/1up}, author = {Rothschild, L.W. and Jordan, K.} } @article {19590, title = {{\'E}levages de quelques L{\'e}pidopt{\`e}res sphingides {\`a} Makokou, Gabon}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Sciences Nat.}, volume = {46}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {9-11}, chapter = {9}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, CENTROCTENA, CEPHONODES, COELONIA, DAPHNIS, EUCHLORON, FOODPLANT, GABON, HIPPOTION, HYPAEDALIA, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, NEPHELE, PSEUDENYO, PSEUDOCLANIS, RHADINOPASA, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Pierre, J. and Michaloud, S. and Pierre-Baltus, C.} } @article {19491, title = {Les Sphinx de S{\~a}o Tom{\'e} (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomologique de France}, volume = {107}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {294-296}, chapter = {294}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, CEPHONODES, CHECKLIST, COELONIA, DAPHNIS, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, NEPHELE, PSEUDOCLANIS, SAO TOME, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1, XANTHOPAN}, url = {https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2002_num_107_3_16862}, author = {Oremans, P. and Pierre, J.} } @article {19224, title = {Orchid pollination: from Darwin to the present day}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {161}, year = {2009}, month = {09/2009}, pages = {1-19}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"In this year celebrating the bicentenary of the birth of Darwin and the sesquicentennial of the publication of Darwin\&$\#$39;s On the Origin of Species, the present paper aims to assess the impact of Darwin\&$\#$39;s legacy on the history of orchid pollination biology. To illustrate the major contribution of Darwin to this fascinating biological field, we focus on the large angraecoid orchid group and propose an overview of the complex relationships that these orchids have developed with specific pollinators. We further discuss how Darwin\&$\#$39;s seminal work on the angraecoid orchid Angraecum sesquipedale triggered the beginning of a long debate about the evolution of long floral spurs and why his idea of reciprocal evolution or \‘coevolution\’ was one of the great contributions to evolutionary biology.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, ANGRAECUM, BIRDS, COELONIA, DAPHNIS, DARWIN, HIPPOTION, MADAGASCAR, MASCARENE ISLANDS, NEPHELE, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, REVIEW, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00995.x}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/161/1/1/2418453}, author = {Micheneau, C. and Johnson, S.D. and Fay, M.F.} } @book {19105, title = {Les papillons de La R{\'e}union et leurs chenilles}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {496}, publisher = {Biotope \& Mus{\'e}um national d{\textquoteright}Histoire naturelle}, organization = {Biotope \& Mus{\'e}um national d{\textquoteright}Histoire naturelle}, address = {M{\`e}ze (Collection Parth{\'e}nope) \& Paris}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, BASIOTHIA, CEPHONODES, COELONIA, DAPHNIS, EUCHLORON, FOODPLANT, HIPPOTION, HYLES, IMMATURE STAGES, LEPIDOPTERA, MACROGLOSSUM, NEPHELE, RĀUNION, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Martir{\'e}, D. and Rochat, J.} } @article {17569, title = {Afrikanische Schmetterlinge}, journal = {Mitteilungen der M{\"u}nchener Entomologischen Verein}, volume = {3}, year = {1879}, month = {1879}, pages = {23-35}, chapter = {23}, keywords = {ACANTHOSPHINX, ACHERONTIA, AGRIUS, ANDRIASA, ANGOLA, ATEMNORA, BASIOTHIA, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, COELONIA, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, LOPHOSTETHUS, LYCOSPHINGIA, MACROGLOSSUM, NEPHELE, PLATYSPHINX, POLYPTYCHUS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Dewitz, H.} } @article {17251, title = {Descriptions of twelve new Sphingidae and remarks upon two other species}, journal = {Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club}, volume = {9}, year = {1927}, month = {1927}, pages = {99-109}, chapter = {99}, keywords = {AFROSPHINX, AMORPHA, ARGENTINA, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, COELONIA, MACROGLOSSUM, MANDUCA, NEOPOLYPTYCHUS, NEPHELE, NEW CALEDONIA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Clark, B.P.} } @article {17075, title = {Descriptions of thirty-three new or little-known species of Sphingidae in the collection of the British Museum}, journal = {Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London}, volume = {1875}, year = {1875}, month = {1875}, pages = {3-16}, chapter = {3}, keywords = {ADHEMARIUS, CALLIONIMA, CATALOGUE, CLANIDOPSIS, COCYTIUS, COELONIA, DEILEPHILA, HIPPOTION, LEUCOPHLEBIA, MACROGLOSSUM, NEPHELE, POLIANA, PSILOGRAMMA, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1(PART), XYLOPHANES}, author = {Butler, A.G.} }