@article {22270, title = {Elevational and seasonal patterns of butterflies and hawkmoths in plant-pollinator networks in tropical rainforests of Mount Cameroon}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {11}, year = {2021}, month = {05/2021}, pages = {9710}, chapter = {9710}, abstract = {

\"Butterflies and moths are conspicuous flower visitors but their role in plant-pollinator interactions has rarely been quantified, especially in tropical rainforests. Moreover, we have virtually no knowledge of environmental factors affecting the role of lepidopterans in pollination networks. We videorecorded flower-visiting butterflies and hawkmoths on 212 plant species (\> 26,000 recorded hrs) along the complete elevational gradient of rainforests on Mount Cameroon in dry and wet seasons. Altogether, we recorded 734 flower visits by 80 butterfly and 27 hawkmoth species, representing only ~ 4\% of all flower visits. Although lepidopterans visited flowers of only a third of the plant species, they appeared to be key visitors for several plants. Lepidopterans visited flowers most frequently at mid-elevations and dry season, mirroring their local elevational patterns of diversity. Characteristics of interaction networks showed no apparent elevational or seasonal patterns, probably because of the high specialisation of all networks. Significant non-linear changes of proboscis and forewing lengths were found along elevation. A positive relationship between the lengths of proboscis of hesperiid butterflies and tube of visited flowers was detected. Differences in floral preferences were found between sphingids and butterflies, revealing the importance of nectar production, floral size and shape for sphingids, and floral colour for butterflies. The revealed trait-matching and floral preferences confirmed their potential to drive floral evolution in tropical ecosystems.\"

}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, BIODIVERSITY, CAMEROON, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, PAPILIONOIDEA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-89012-x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89012-x}, author = {Mertens, J.E.J. and Brisson, L. and Jane{\v c}ek, S. and Klomberg, Y. and Maicher, V. and S{\'a}fi{\'a}n, S. and Delabye, S. and Potock{\'y}, P. and Kobe, I.N. and Pyrcz, T. and Tropek, R.} } @article {22019, title = {Species richness and community composition of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) along an elevational gradient in southeast Peru}, journal = {Zoologia}, volume = {36}, year = {2019}, month = {09/2019}, pages = {e32938}, chapter = {e32938}, abstract = {

\"A clear low-elevation skewed unimodal richness pattern is presented for hawkmoths in Southeast Peru. Several hypotheses offer plausible explanations for such a distribution. The effects of water-energy dynamics are partially supported by a strong correlation between temperature and species richness at higher elevations. Further, hypotheses of plant diversity influences on hawkmoth ranges are supported by species richness peaking in transitional habitats. Sphingid subfamilies do not appear to be influenced by habitat type or elevational factors, such as temperature. This may make subfamily analysis a poor means of characterizing sphingid community composition unless study sites vary in the level of disturbance. This study documents 134 species in 23 genera of Sphingidae from five Southeastern Peru sites from the 7,545 specimens collected for the study.\"

}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, BIODIVERSITY, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, ECOLOGY, PERU, RICHNESS, SPHINGIDAE}, issn = {1984-4689}, author = {Sublett, C.A. and Cook, J.L. and Janovec, J.P.} } @article {21922, title = {Elevational richness patterns of sphingid moths support area effects over climatic drivers in a near-global analysis}, journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography}, volume = {28}, year = {2019}, month = {06/2019}, pages = {917-927}, chapter = {917}, abstract = {

\"Aim: We test hypotheses on the environmental control of elevational richness patterns of sphingid moths for their global applicability and generality. Specifically, we compare effects of area with climate-related drivers, such as primary productivity and temperature, while also considering direct effects of precipitation.
Major taxa: Sphingid moths (Lepidoptera).
Location: Eighty-six mountain ranges of the Old World and the Australia/Pacific region, from Scandinavia and Siberia through the African and Australasian tropics to South Africa and Southern Australia.
Methods: We used a large compilation of point locality records for 744 species, in addition to fine-grained range maps derived from species distribution modelling of these records, to characterize the elevational pattern of species richness in 86 custom-delineated mountain regions. For both types of data, we compared the effects of environmental drivers on richness by comparing standardized coefficients of multivariate models for pooled data after accounting for between-region variation in richness.
Results: We observed varying patterns of elevational richness across the research region, with a higher prevalence of midpeaks in arid regions. We found overwhelming support for area as a main determinant of richness, modulated by temperature and productivity, whereas we detected no effect of precipitation.
Main conclusions: Area, productivity and temperature are the main environmental predictors explaining a large proportion of variability in sphingid richness. This is consistent not only with other elevational studies, but also with empirical and theoretical biodiversity research in a non-elevational context (with the caveat of some unresolved issues in elevational area effects). However, distinct differences in elevational patterns remain even within the same mountain ranges when comparing with other Lepidoptera, that is, geometrid moths, which highlights the importance of understanding higher clade differentiation in ecological responses, within insects and in other groups.\"

}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, BIOGEOGRAPHY, DIVERSITY, PRODUCTIVITY, SPHINGIDAE, TEMPERATURE}, doi = {10.1111/geb.12903}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12903}, author = {B{\"a}rtschi, F. and McCain, C.M. and Ballesteros-Mejia, L. and Kitching, I.J. and Beerli, N. and Beck, J.} } @article {21048, title = {Explaining the elevational diversity pattern of geometrid moths from Borneo: a test of five hypotheses}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {35}, year = {2008}, pages = {1452-1464}, chapter = {1452}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, BORNEO, DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, FAUNAL OVERLAP, GEOMETRIDAE, MALAYSIA, MID-DOMAIN EFFECT, SPATIAL REGRESSION, WATER-ENERGY DYNAMICS}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01886.x}, author = {Beck, J. and Chey, V.K.} } @article {21048, title = {Beta-diversity of geometrid moths from northern Borneo: effects of habitat, time and space}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, volume = {76}, year = {2007}, pages = {230-237}, chapter = {230}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, BETA DIVERSITY, BORNEO, DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, GEOMETRIDAE, HABITAT DISTURBANCE, MALAYSIA, SPECIES TURNOVER}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01189.x}, author = {Beck, J. and Chey, V.K.} } @article {18546, title = {Patterns of richness, composition, and distribution of sphingid moths along an elevational gradient in the Andes-Amazon region of southeastern Peru}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {104}, year = {2011}, note = {doi: 10.1603/AN09083; ; ;}, month = {2011}, pages = {68-76}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

\"The adult sphingid communities of three sites in southeastern Peru representative of the moist tropical forest of the lowland Amazon, the pluvial tropical forest of the upper Amazon and Andean foothills, and the montane cloud forest of the eastern slopes of the Andes were sampled during 2004-2006 by using mercury vapor light traps. In total, 119 species of Sphingidae were documented. Species diversity was highest in the upper Amazon and Andean foothills, with 94 species (21 genera), followed by 80 species (21 genera) in the Amazonian lowlands, and 43 species (17 genera) in the montane cloud forest. The greatest number of endemics (22) was registered at the upper Amazon-Andean foothills site. The montane cloud forest site was characterized by the highest relative percentage of endemic species. The species assemblages of the lowland Amazon and the Andean foothills were more similar in composition to each other than to the montane assemblage. All three assemblages proved to be more distinctive than expected based on the proximity of the sampled sites and seemingly good flight capabilities of sphingid moths. This was reflected by the endemics accounting for nearly 40\% of the total species pool. By contrast, cosmopolitans numbered only 26 species, or 22\% of the total assemblage. We hypothesize that the composition and distribution of sphingid species along this elevational gradient may reflect floristic similarities and differences between the study sites and the extent to which different species are adapted to cope with certain environmental conditions, such as temperature and air humidity.\"

}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, ANDES, DIVERSITY, EUMORPHA, PERU, RICHNESS, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1603/AN09083}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1603/AN09083}, author = {Ignatov, I.I. and Janovec, J.P. and Centeno, P. and Tobler, M.W. and Grados, J. and Lamas, G. and Kitching, I.J.} } @article {18092, title = {Los Arctiidae y Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) del Santuario Historico de Machu Pichu, Cuzco, Peru: estudio preliminar}, journal = {Revista Peruana de Biologia}, volume = {9}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {16-22}, keywords = {ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION, PERU, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Grados, J.} }