@article {22622, title = {Zur Verbreitung und Morphologie von Xanthopan morganii (Walker, 1856) - Falterfunde aus S{\"u}dafrika und eine Raupe aus Tansania (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {130}, year = {2020}, pages = {57-60}, chapter = {57}, keywords = {AMPHIMOEA, CERBERONOTON, COCYTIUS, IMMATURE STAGES, NEOCOCYTIUS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, TANZANIA, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {22554, title = {Hawkmoth pollination of the scented South African fynbos endemic Erica cylindrica Thunb. (Ericaceae)}, journal = {Flora}, volume = {292}, year = {2022}, month = {05/2022}, pages = {152088}, chapter = {152088}, abstract = {

\"The predictive power of pollination syndromes has been demonstrated for many South African plant species with specialized pollination systems, but has rarely been tested in the florally diverse genus Erica. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that Erica cylindrica is moth-pollinated, based on its tubular, pale, and strongly scented flowers. Pollinator observations revealed exclusive nocturnal flower visitation by several hawkmoth species, and assessment of pollen loads confirmed that two hawkmoth species carried Erica pollen grains on their proboscises. Floral scent showed no clear periodicity in emission, but was dominated by benzenoid scent compounds including benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, and eugenol that are known to elicit antennal responses in hawkmoths. The pale cream flower colour was characterized by uniform reflectance across the human-visible light spectrum and a small secondary peak in the UV region. The volume of nectar produced was small, but the intermediate sugar concentration and sucrose:hexose ratio of 0.7 are consistent with hawkmoth pollination. More than three-quarters of flowers in an inflorescence are oriented upwards, which is highly unusual among South African ericas but has been shown to be adaptive in other hawkmoth-pollinated flowers. Anther-ring disruption indicated that at least 62\% of flowers received visits and was associated with pollen deposition in 68\% of visited flowers, suggesting that visitors are effective pollinators. Our study provides evidence for hawkmoth pollination of an Erica species, a system hitherto rarely recorded in Ericaceae. Several floral traits are consistent with the hawkmoth pollination syndrome, but further work is required to confirm the functional significance of these traits and the level of specialization in this hawkmoth pollination system.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, FLORAL SCENT, FLOWER COLOUR, FYNBOS, HIPPOTION, NECTAR COMPOSITION, POLLINATION, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1016/j.flora.2022.152088}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2022.152088}, author = {van der Niet, T. and Cozien, R.J.} } @article {22125, title = {Notes on the taxonomy of the genus Praedora Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Sphinginae, Sphingini), with descriptions of five new subspecies}, journal = {The European Entomologist}, volume = {11}, year = {2020}, month = {10/2019}, pages = {45-97}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

\"The genus Praedora Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 is reviewed and five new subspecies are described: Praedora marshalli trevisanae ssp. nov., Praedora plagiata kitonga ssp. nov., Praedora plagiata bilineata ssp. nov., Praedora plagiata iringensis ssp. nov. and Praedora tropicalis dolnyi ssp. nov. In addition, Praedora marshalli australis Clark, 1930 stat. rev. is reinstated as a valid subspecies from synonymy with Praedora marshalli.\"

}, keywords = {BARCODING, CATALOGUE, DNA, ETHIOPIA, KENYA, MALAWI, MALE GENITALIA, MOZAMBIQUE, NAMIBIA, NEIGHBOR-JOINING, PRAEDORA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, TANZANIA, WORLDMAP1, ZAMBIA, ZIMBABWE}, issn = {1803-1366}, author = {Melichar, T. and {\v R}ez{\'a}{\v c}, M. and Hode{\v c}ek, J.} } @article {22075, title = {From dusk till dawn: camera traps reveal the diel patterns of flower feeding by hawkmoths}, journal = {Ecological Entomology}, volume = {XX}, year = {2019}, pages = {[1-5]}, type = {Early view}, chapter = {XXX}, abstract = {

\"1. Diel rhythms of foraging activity by animal flower visitors can reflect niche partitioning and are considered an important component of selection on floral traits. However, it has been notoriously difficult to obtain objective information on the patterns of flower visitation by crepuscular and nocturnal insects.
2. Motion-activated cameras were used for field-based studies of hawkmoth foraging behaviour on six African plant species.
3. The results showed that short-tongued hawkmoth species forage mainly around dusk and then sporadically throughout the night, whereas long-tongued hawkmoth species feed consistently throughout the night, with a peak shortly before midnight.
4. These results provide the first quantitative estimates of diel patterns of interactions between multiple hawkmoth and plant species and, when combined with qualitative reports from other studies, suggest that differences in diel activity between the two main hawkmoth functional groups (short- and long-tongued) are consistent across the Old and New Worlds.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BASIOTHIA, CAMERA TRAPS, DIEL ACTIVITY, HABENARIA, HIPPOTION, NOCTUIDAE, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, PROBOSCIS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE}, doi = {10.1111/een.12827}, author = {Johnson, S.D. and Balducci, M.G. and Bijl, A. and Casta{\~n}eda-Z{\'a}rate, M. and Cozien, R.J. and Ortmann, C.R. and van der Niet, T.} } @article {21849, title = {The moths of South Africa, part 1}, journal = {News of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {60}, year = {2018}, pages = {55-65}, chapter = {55}, keywords = {AGRIUS, ANDRIASA, AURIVILLIUS, BUNAEA, CAMPIMOPTILUM, EUCHLORON, EUPTEROTIDAE, GONIMBRASIA, HEMIJANA, HIPPOTION, HYLES, MELANOCERA, NEOCLANIS, NEPHELE, ODONTOSIDA, OLIGOGRAPHA, POLYPTYCHUS, PSELAPHELIA, PSEUDOBUNAEA, PSEUDOCLANIS, RUFOCLANIS, SATURNIIDAE, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, STENOGLENE, THERETRA, USTA}, author = {Fischer, D.} } @article {21089, title = {The long-tongued hawkmoth pollinator niche for native and invasive plants in Africa}, journal = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {117}, year = {2016}, pages = {25-36}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

\"Background and Aims Unrelated organisms that share similar niches often exhibit patterns of convergent evolution
in functional traits. Based on bimodal distributions of hawkmoth tongue lengths and tubular white flowers in
Africa, this study hypothesized that long-tongued hawkmoths comprise a pollination niche (ecological opportunity)
that is distinct from that of shorter-tongued hawkmoths.
Methods Field observations, light trapping, camera surveillance and pollen load analysis were used to identify
pollinators of plant species with very long-tubed (\>8 cm) flowers. The nectar properties and spectral reflectance of
these flowers were also measured. The frequency distributions of proboscis length for all captured hawkmoths and
floral tube length for a representative sample of night-blooming plant species were determined. The geographical
distributions of both native and introduced plant species with very long floral tubes were mapped.
Key Results The convolvulus hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli is identified as the most important pollinator of
African plants with very long-tubed flowers. Plants pollinated by this hawkmoth species tend to have a very long
(approx. 10 cm) and narrow flower tube or spur, white flowers and large volumes of dilute nectar. It is estimated
that \>70 grassland and savanna plant species in Africa belong to the Agrius pollination guild. In South Africa, at
least 23 native species have very long floral tubes, and pollination by A. convolvuli or, rarely, by the closely related
hawkmoth Coelonia fulvinotata, has been confirmed for 11 of these species. The guild is strikingly absent from the
species-rich Cape floral region and now includes at least four non-native invasive species with long-tubed flowers
that are pre-adapted for pollination by A. convolvuli.
Conclusions This study highlights the value of a niche perspective on pollination, which provides a framework
for making predictions about the ecological importance of keystone pollinators, and for understanding patterns of
convergent evolution and the role of floral traits in plant colonization.\"

}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, COELONIA, ECOLOGY, FLOWER COLOUR, INVASIVE SPECIES, NECTAR COMPOSITION, NEPHELE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, PROBOSCIS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcv137}, author = {Johnson, S.D. and Raguso, R.A.} } @article {21085, title = {Revision und Neugliederung aller Arten, die momentan in der Gattung Macropoliana auct. (nec Carcasson, 1968) vereint, zusammengefa{\ss}t sind (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)}, journal = {Neue Entomologische Nachrichten}, volume = {71}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, pages = {1-639}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"All species in the genus Macropoliana auct. are revised and are partly transferred into new genera. Moreover a lot of new species are descibed as new to science. Into Macropoliana Carcasson, 1968 M. buchholzi (Pl\ötz, 1880) comb nov. has to be transferred, and M. natalensis (Butler, 1875) stays there as genus type. New species are added to Macropoliana Carcasson, 1968: carcassoni spec. nov., chrismonika spec. nov., haileselassiei spec. nov., joannoui spec. nov., kingstoni spec. nov., kuchleri spec. nov., pinheyi spec. nov., ploetzi spec. nov., politzari spec. nov., schaarschmidti spec. nov., stevecollinsi spec. nov. und stroehlei spec. nov. Into the new genus Covelliana gen. nov. are transferred: ferax (Rothschild \& Jordan, 1916) comb nov. as genus type, afarorum (Rougeot, 1975) comb nov., cadioui (Haxaire \& Camiade, 2008) comb nov., and gessi (Schmit, 2006) comb nov. As new in the genus Covelliana gen. nov. are described the following species: aarviki spec. nov., adriani spec. nov., alessandroi spec. nov., anna spec. nov., berioi spec. nov., bertii spec. nov., bouyeri spec. nov., carmen spec. nov., dargei spec. nov., defreinai spec. nov., felix spec. nov., giustii spec. nov., kernbachi spec. nov., kingstoni spec. nov., kuchleri spec. nov., maximus spec. nov., michali spec. nov., moosburgi spec. nov., morettoi spec. nov., nikolae spec. nov., ottofeldneri spec. nov., politzari spec. nov., roesslerorum spec. nov., robertbecki spec. nov., seidleinorum spec. nov., staudei spec. nov., tobii spec. nov., torbenlarseni spec. nov., and wolframmeyi spec. nov. Into two new genera, two known species, hitherto in Macropoliana auct., are placed in Afrogramma asirensis (Wiltshire, 1980) gen. et comb. nov. and in Carcassonia scheveni (Carcasson, 1972) gen. et comb. nov.\"

}, keywords = {CAMEROON, CATALOGUE, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, FEMALE GENITALIA, GABON, IVORY COAST, KENYA, MACROPOLIANA, MALAWI, MALE GENITALIA, PANTOPHAEA, POLIANA, PSILOGRAMMA, RWANDA, SAUDI ARABIA, SIERRA LEONE, SOUTH AFRICA, TABORIBIA, TANZANIA, UGANDA, WORLDMAP1, YEMEN}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Neue-Entomologische-Nachrichten_71_0001-0639.pdf}, author = {Eitschberger, U. and Melichar, T.} } @book {20501, title = {Aid to the identification of insects}, volume = {2}, year = {1882}, month = {1882}, pages = {29}, publisher = {E.W. Janson}, organization = {E.W. Janson}, address = {London}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, AMBULYX, ANAMBULYX, ANDAMANS, AUSTRALIA, BORNEO, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, DAPHNIS, FIJI, GHANA, GNATHOTHLIBUS, INDIA, LEUCOMONIA, MADAGASCAR, MADORYX, MARUMBA, NEPHELE, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, THERETRA, VIETNAM, WEST INDIES}, author = {Waterhouse, C. O.} } @article {20261, title = {Notes on some South African Lepidoptera}, journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Record and Journal of Variation}, volume = {54}, year = {1942}, month = {1942}, pages = {111-113}, chapter = {111}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, FOODPLANT, HIPPOTION, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA}, author = {Taylor, J.S.} } @article {20263, title = {Notes on Lepidoptera in the Eastern Cape Province (part 1)}, journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {12}, year = {1949}, month = {1949}, pages = {78-95}, chapter = {78}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, BUNAEA, EUPTEROTIDAE, FOODPLANT, GYNANISA, HIPPOTION, HYLES, LASIOCAMPIDAE, SATURNIIDAE, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Taylor, J.S.} } @article {20264, title = {Notes on Lepidoptera in the Eastern Cape Province (part II)}, journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {14}, year = {1951}, month = {1951}, pages = {94-126}, chapter = {94}, keywords = {DAPHNIS, EUPTEROTIDAE, FOODPLANT, HIPPOTION, HYLES, LASIOCAMPIDAE, OLIGOGRAPHA, POLYPTYCHOIDES, POLYPTYCHUS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Taylor, J.S.} } @article {20265, title = {Notes on Lepidoptera in the Eastern Cape Province (part III)}, journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {16}, year = {1953}, month = {1953}, pages = {143-167}, chapter = {143}, keywords = {FOODPLANT, LASIOCAMPIDAE, MACROPOLIANA, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, THERETRA, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Taylor, J.S.} } @article {20166, title = {The Sphingidae of South Africa, with special reference to those of Southern Rhodesia}, journal = {Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association}, volume = {36}, year = {1938}, month = {1938}, pages = {133-151}, chapter = {133}, keywords = {AFROCLANIS, BOTSWANA, CATALOGUE, CATE DIAGNOSIS, FOODPLANT, NAMIBIA, OLIGOGRAPHA, POLYPTYCHUS, PRAEDORA, PSEUDOCLANIS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, WORLDMAP1, ZIMBABWE}, author = {Stevenson, R.H.R.} } @mastersthesis {20126, title = {Long-spurred orchids and their pollinators - an investigation into multiple hypotheses to explain some of Darwin{\textquoteright}s contrivances}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {40}, school = {The Open University}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, COEVOLUTION, DARWIN, DIPTERA, DISA, GLADIOLUS, MOEGISTORHYNCHUS, NEMESTRINIDAE, ORCHIDACEAE, PLATANTHERA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, PROBOSCIS, REVIEW, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, TABANIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Staller, E.} } @article {19920, title = {Contribution {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude du genre Macropoliana Carcasson, 1968 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomologique de France}, volume = {111}, year = {2006}, month = {12/2006}, pages = {539-543}, chapter = {539}, keywords = {CATALOGUE, MACROPOLIANA, MALE GENITALIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2006_num_111_4_16374}, author = {Schmit, P. and Pierre, J.} } @article {19360, title = {Preliminary observations on sound production in South African hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {55}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {277-279}, chapter = {277}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, BEHAVIOUR, PSEUDOCLANIS, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, SQUEAKING, STRIDULATION}, url = {https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00128789_3228}, author = {N{\"a}ssig, W.A. and Oberprieler, R.G. and Duke, N.J.} } @article {18619, title = {Observations of hawkmoth pollination in the South African orchid {IDisa cooperi}}, journal = {Nordic Journal of Botany}, volume = {15}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {121-125}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BASIOTHIA, DISA, ORCHIDACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Johnson, S. D.} } @article {18036, title = {Poliana natalensis (Butl.) and P. Oheffernani sp. n., two hitherto confused hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from South Africa}, journal = {Novos Taxa Entomologicos}, volume = {54}, year = {1967}, month = {1967}, pages = {3-10}, chapter = {3}, keywords = {ADULT MORPHOLOGY, CATALOGUE, FOODPLANT, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MALE GENITALIA, POLIANA, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Gess, F.W.} } @article {17117, title = {A survey of honeybee pests in South Africa}, journal = {Proceedings. Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {1}, year = {1975}, month = {1975}, pages = {185-189}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, APIS, PEST, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Buys, B.} } @article {16581, title = {February 6, 1878}, journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London}, volume = {26}, year = {1878}, month = {1878}, pages = {i-vii}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, FOODPLANT, GONIMBRASIA, SATURNIIDAE, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {16555, title = {Pollinator-mediated selection on flower-tube length in a hawkmoth-pollinated {IGladiolus} (Iridaceae)}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London}, volume = {269}, year = {2002}, note = {B}, month = {2002}, pages = {631-636}, keywords = {AGRIUS, GLADIOLUS, IRIDACEAE, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SELECTION, SOUTH AFRICA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Alexandersson, R. and Johnson, S. D.} }