@article {22621, title = {Ein isoph{\"a}nologisches Merkmal zwischen Coelonia Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 und Panogena Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903; zum R{\"a}tsel von Coelonia solani (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {130}, year = {2020}, pages = {9-14}, chapter = {9}, keywords = {COELONIA, FOODPLANT, LA R{\'E}UNION, LARVAL POLYMORPHISM, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {22617, title = {Eine Revision der Cocytiina Tutt, 1904 mit besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Gattung Panogena Rothschild \& Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.)}, volume = {43}, year = {2022}, month = {08/2022}, pages = {56-59}, chapter = {56}, keywords = {AMPHIMOEA, BIOGEOGRAPHY, CERBERONOTON, COCYTIUS, FOODPLANT SPECIFICITY, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, NEOCOCYTIUS, PANOGENA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {22311, title = {Contribution of the maxillary muscles to proboscis movement in hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae){\textemdash}an electrophysiological study}, journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology}, volume = {49}, year = {2003}, pages = {765{\textendash}776}, chapter = {765}, abstract = {

\"The role of the maxillary muscles in the uncoiling and coiling movements of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) has been examined by electromyogram recordings, combined with video analysis. The maxillary muscles of adult Lepidoptera can be divided into two groups, galeal and stipital muscles. The galea contains two basal muscles and two series of oblique longitudinal muscles, which run through the entire length of the galea. Three muscles insert on the stipes, taking their origin on the tentorium and on parts of the cranium and gena, respectively. Proboscis extension is initiated by an elevation of the galea base caused by the basal galeal muscles. The actual uncoiling of the proboscis spiral is accompanied by rapid compressions of the stipites which are caused by two of the stipital muscles. The study provides strong support for the hypothesis that uncoiling is brought about by an increase of hemolymph pressure by the stipites forcing hemolymph into the galeae. Recoiling is caused by the contraction of both sets of oblique longitudinal galeal muscles supported by elasticity of the galea cuticle. Finally, the remaining stipital muscle pulls down the galea base which brings the coiled proboscis back to its resting position where it is held in the U-shaped groove of the labium without further muscle activity.\"

}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ADULT FEEDING, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AGRIUS, MANDUCA, MUSCULATURE, NEOCOCYTIUS, NEUROLOGY, PANOGENA, PHYSIOLOGY, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINX, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-1910(03)00113-6}, author = {Wannenmacher, G. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {21358, title = {Unterscheidung der Raupen von Panogena lingens (Butler, 1877) und Panogena jasmini (Boisduval, 1875) anhend einiger neuer Fundbelege (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {126}, year = {2016}, pages = {217-219}, chapter = {217}, keywords = {IMMATURE STAGES, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {20949, title = {Angraecum-Orchideen und langr{\"u}sslige Schw{\"a}rmer, Best{\"a}ubung und Evolution}, journal = {Die Orchideen}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, pages = {175-181}, chapter = {175}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, PROBOSCIS, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20883, title = {Fund einer weiteren Raupe von Panogena durch Michael Moosburg im Jahre 1984 in Antananarivo, Madagaskar (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {125}, year = {2015}, pages = {57-59}, chapter = {57}, keywords = {FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B. and Moosburg, M.} } @article {20882, title = {Belege j{\"u}ngerer Raupenstadien von Panogena lingens (Butler, 1877) durch Fotografien von Paul Bertner und Jerome Gublin aus Madasaskar (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {125}, year = {2015}, pages = {53-56}, chapter = {53}, keywords = {FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @proceedings {20794, title = {Evolution of long-tongued hawkmoths and pollination of long-spurred Angraecum orchids}, year = {2013}, pages = {280-284}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, SWING HOVERING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20787, title = {Fund einer Raupe von Panogena lingens (Butler, 1877) durch Ilija Klejmjonov auf Madagaskar (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)}, journal = {Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {124}, year = {2014}, pages = {162-164}, chapter = {162}, keywords = {FOODPLANT, IMMATURE STAGES, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Dvo{\v r}{\'a}k, B.} } @article {20496, title = {The pollinators of the Malagasy Star Orchids Angraecum sesquipedale, A. sororium and A. compactum and the evolution of extremely long spurs by pollinator shift}, journal = {Botanica Acta}, volume = {110}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {343-359}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

\"The pollination process of the extremely long-spurred orchids Angraecum sesquipedale and A. sororium is described and documented here for the first time. The pollinaria and viscidia load was examined in moths captured in central and south Madagascar. Visits to orchids by hawkmoths were rarely observed in the field and were therefore systematically recorded in large flight tents using a night-vision video technique and flashlight photography. Angraecum sesquipedale in Fort Dauphin is pollinated by Xanthopan morgani praedicta and A. sororium on Mt. Angavokely by Coelonia solani. By combining a deep nectar spur of extraordinary length with a protruding labellum functioning as a landing platform, these orchids overcome the moth\&$\#$39;s stereotypic swing-hovering flight thus enabling full insertion of the long tongue. Angraecum compactum in For\êt d\&$\#$39;Ambohitantely is pollinated by both the shorter and longer-tongued forms of Panogena lingens which never swing-hover but is also exploited by X. morgani and C. solani with wastage of pollinaria. The duration of tongue insertion, nectar exploitation and tongue withdrawal were analyzed: legitimate and illegitimate visitors differ in their time budget and approach to the flower. Nectar volume, nectar level and sugar concentration of A. sesquipedale and A. sororium were compared with the nectar requirements of the pollinating hawkmoths. The evolution of very long spurs in these orchids is likely to have involved a series of pollinator shifts. The orchids adapted to different hawkmoth species with increasingly long tongues which primarily evolved to avoid predator attacks during visits to less specialized flowers. This \“pollinator shift\” model modifies the classical \“coevolutionary race\” model. The relevance of the taxon Angraecum bosseri Senghas is questioned.\"

}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00650.x}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {20495, title = {Of hawkmoth species with long "tongues". Tropical biocenoses}, journal = {German Research. Reports of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft}, volume = {1996}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {22-24}, chapter = {22}, keywords = {AGRIUS, BEHAVIOUR, COELONIA, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, PREDATION, PREDATOR AVOIDANCE, SPHINGIDAE, SPIDERS, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {19409, title = {Angraecoid orchids and hawkmoths in central Madagascar: specialized pollination systems and generalist foragers}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {19}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {310-318}, chapter = {310}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, MADAGASCAR, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Nilsson, L.A. and Jonsson, L. and Ralison, L. and Randrianjohany, E.} } @article {19410, title = {Monophily and pollination mechanisms in Angraecum arachnites Schltr. (Orchidaceae) in a guild of long-tongued hawk-moths (Sphingidae) in Madagascar}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {26}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {1-19}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"Anthecological relations between a long-spurred angraecoid orchid and pollinating Sphingidae are documented for the first time. In a primary forest on the Central Plateau of Madagascar Angraecum arachnites Schltr. was found to be pollinated by and adapted to a single species of hawk-moth, Panogena lingens (Butler), despite abundance of many concurrent Sphingidae of which several were also long-tongued. Furthermore, P. lingens was dimorphic in the length and breadth of its proboscis and only the morph with the longest and most slender proboscis was recorded to pollinate A. arachnites. Exclusive and precise adaptation to the latter morph of P. lingens existed in floral morphology and probably in other characteristics such as flowering phenology and chemical signalling. Several concurrently flowering orchid species were sharing P. lingens as a pollinator resource. The monophily in A. arachnites is interpreted as a result of a refined long-term specialization developed within an archaic evolutionary relationship in a relatively stable environment. The extraordinary number and diversity of long-spurred Orchidaceae in Madagascar appears to be a direct coevolutionary consequence of an Old-World-unique diversity of long-tongued archaic Sphingidae that has persisted in this isolated land.\"

}, keywords = {ANGRAECUM, MADAGASCAR, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb01549.x}, author = {Nilsson, L.A. and Jonsson, L. and Rason, L. and Randrianjohany, E.} } @article {19224, title = {Orchid pollination: from Darwin to the present day}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {161}, year = {2009}, month = {09/2009}, pages = {1-19}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

\"In this year celebrating the bicentenary of the birth of Darwin and the sesquicentennial of the publication of Darwin\&$\#$39;s On the Origin of Species, the present paper aims to assess the impact of Darwin\&$\#$39;s legacy on the history of orchid pollination biology. To illustrate the major contribution of Darwin to this fascinating biological field, we focus on the large angraecoid orchid group and propose an overview of the complex relationships that these orchids have developed with specific pollinators. We further discuss how Darwin\&$\#$39;s seminal work on the angraecoid orchid Angraecum sesquipedale triggered the beginning of a long debate about the evolution of long floral spurs and why his idea of reciprocal evolution or \‘coevolution\’ was one of the great contributions to evolutionary biology.\"

}, keywords = {AGRIUS, ANGRAECUM, BIRDS, COELONIA, DAPHNIS, DARWIN, HIPPOTION, MADAGASCAR, MASCARENE ISLANDS, NEPHELE, ORCHIDACEAE, PANOGENA, POLLINATION, POLLINATOR SHIFT, POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY, REVIEW, SPHINGIDAE, XANTHOPAN}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00995.x}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/161/1/1/2418453}, author = {Micheneau, C. and Johnson, S.D. and Fay, M.F.} } @article {18781, title = {The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan{\textquoteright}s Sphinx, {IXanthopan morganii} (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London}, volume = {135}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {471-527}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACHERONTIINI, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AGRIUS, AMPHIMOEA, CALLOSPHINGIA, CLASSIFICATION, COCYTIUS, COELONIA, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MACROPOLIANA, MANDUCA, MEGACORMA, MEGANOTON, NEOCOCYTIUS, PANOGENA, PANTOPHAEA, PHYLOGENY, POLIANA, POLLINATION, PSILOGRAMMA, SPHINGIDAE, WEIGHTING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Kitching, I. J.} } @article {18782, title = {Phylogeny of the death{\textquoteright}s head hawkmoths, Acherontia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {71-88}, chapter = {71}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACHERONTIINI, ADULT MORPHOLOGY, AGRIUS, APIS, CALLOSPHINGIA, COELONIA, COEVOLUTION, IMMATURE MORPHOLOGY, MEGACORMA, MEGANOTON, PANOGENA, PHYLOGENY, SPHINGIDAE, WEIGHTING, XANTHOPAN}, author = {Kitching, I.J.} } @article {18122, title = {Sur quelques Sphingides nouveaux ou peu connus de la r{\'e}gion malgache [Lep.]}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomologique de France}, volume = {65}, year = {1960}, month = {1960}, pages = {40-47}, chapter = {40}, keywords = {BASIOTHIA, CATALOGUE, CEPHONODES, COMORO ISLANDS, MADAGASCAR, MALE GENITALIA, PANOGENA, SEYCHELLES, SPHINGIDAE, SPHINGONAEPIOPSIS, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Griveaud, P.} } @article {18083, title = {Hearing with the mouthparts: behavioural responses and the structural basis of ultrasound perception in acherontiine hawkmoths}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {202}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {909-918}, chapter = {909}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, COELONIA, EUCHLORON, HIPPOTION, NEUROLOGY, PANOGENA, PHYSIOLOGY, SPHINGIDAE, TYMPANAL ORGANS, ULTRASONICS, XANTHOPAN}, url = {https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-pdf/202/8/909/2598932/jexbio_202_8_909.pdf}, author = {G{\"o}pfert, M.C. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {18084, title = {Auditory sensory cells in hawkmoths: identification, physiology and structure}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {202}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {1579-1587}, chapter = {1579}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, HEARING, HIPPOTION, NEUROLOGY, PANOGENA, PHYSIOLOGY, PILIFER, SPHINGIDAE, ULTRASONICS}, url = {https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-pdf/202/12/1579/2603760/jexbio_202_12_1579.pdf}, author = {G{\"o}pfert, M.C. and Wasserthal, L.T.} } @article {17551, title = {Madagassische Schmetterlinge}, journal = {Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris}, volume = {57}, year = {1944}, month = {1944}, pages = {81-101}, chapter = {81}, keywords = {CATALOGUE, COELONIA, HYLES, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE, WORLDMAP1}, author = {Denso, P.} } @article {17083, title = {Descriptions of new species of heterocerous Lepidoptera in the collection of the British Museum}, journal = {Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London}, volume = {1877}, year = {1877}, month = {1877}, pages = {168-170}, chapter = {168}, keywords = {CATALOGUE, MADAGASCAR, PANOGENA, SPHINGIDAE}, author = {Butler, A.G.} } @book {16939, title = {Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species g{\'e}n{\'e}ral des L{\'e}pidopt{\`e}res H{\'e}t{\'e}roc{\`e}res. 1. Sphingides, S{\'e}siides, Castnides}, series = {Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species g{\'e}n{\'e}ral des L{\'e}pidopt{\`e}res H{\'e}t{\'e}roc{\`e}res}, volume = {1}, year = {1875}, month = {1875}, pages = {1-568 + 1-4}, publisher = {Librairie Encyclop{\'e}dique de Roret}, organization = {Librairie Encyclop{\'e}dique de Roret}, address = {Paris}, keywords = {ACHERONTIA, ACOSMERYX, ADHEMARIUS, AGNOSIA, ALEURON, AMBULYX, AMPHIMOEA, ANGONYX, ATEMNORA, BATOCNEMA, CALLIONIMA, CATALOGUE, CAUTETHIA, CEPHONODES, CLANIS, COCYTIUS, DAPHNUSA, DEIDAMIA, ELIBIA, EURYGLOTTIS, GNATHOTHLIBUS, HIPPOTION, ISOGNATHUS, ISOPARCE, LOPHOSTETHUS, MACROGLOSSUM, MADORYX, MANDUCA, MARUMBA, MEGACORMA, MEGANOTON, NEPHELE, NYCERYX, PANOGENA, PAONIAS, PERIGONIA, PROTAMBULYX, PSILOGRAMMA, SMERINTHUS, SPHINGIDAE, TEMNORA, THERETRA, TROGOLEGNUM, XYLOPHANES}, author = {Boisduval, J.B.A.E. de}, editor = {Boisduval, J.B.A.E. de and Guen{\'e}e, A.} }