02268nas a2200217 4500008004100000024001700041245005400058210005300112300001200165490000700177520164700184653002101831653001501852653001401867653001801881653001601899653001501915653002301930100001701953856008001970 2005 eng d aPapyrus 751400aReproductive bulk in capital-breeding Lepidoptera0 aReproductive bulk in capitalbreeding Lepidoptera a229-2330 v593 a

"Reproductive bulk is the weight of the individual egg load, also the mathematical product of individual fecundity ×. mean egg weight. Somatic bulk is its complement. Interrelations among nonindependent maternal weight, reproductive bulk, somatic bulk, fecundity, egg weight and related variables were explored with eight sets of data; three original, and five previously published, all representing four capital-breeder species in three families. In traditional fecundity–maternal weight regressions, response and explanatory variables are not statistically independent because maternal weight includes reproductive bulk. Comparative regressions where nonindependent maternal weight was the explanatory variable yielded median coefficients of determination of 0.62 for fecundity and 0.76–0.14 higher—for reproductive bulk among the data sets. When maternal weight was rendered independent by subtracting reproductive bulk, the median coefficient of determination for reproductive bulk plummeted from 0.76 to 0.12, which exposes the extent to which nonindependence inflates regression test statistics. Reproductive bulk nevertheless increased with both independent and nonindependent maternal weight. Nonindependence does not necessarily invalidate the practical use of traditional fecundity–maternal weight regression models. Reproductive bulk is potentially useful as a response variable in regression models of reproductive potential where trade-offs between fecundity and egg weight occur, and where independent maternal weight is desired as an explanatory variable, as in basic research."

10aCAPITAL-BREEDING10aEGG WEIGHT10aFECUNDITY10aLASIOCAMPIDAE10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPHYSIOLOGY10aPOPULATION BIOLOGY1 aMiller, W.E. uhttps://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/2000s/2005/2005(4)228-Miller.pdf11743nas a2200217 45000080041000000240017000412450093000582100069001513000012002204900007002325201105600239653002111295653001411316653002711330653001611357653001511373653002311388653001711411100001711428856008011445 2005 eng d aPapyrus 747900aExtrinsic effects on fecundity-maternal weight relations in capital-breeding Lepidoptera0 aExtrinsic effects on fecunditymaternal weight relations in capit a143-1600 v593 a

"Capital-breeding Lepidoptera depend for reproduction on metabolic resources assembled either entirely or primarily by their larvae, the former termed 'perfect' the latter 'imperfect'. Empirical evidence suggests that maternal size determines capital-breeder fecundity. The fecundity-maternal size relation is usually formulated as F = bW + a, where F is fecundity, W is final maternal size in units such as weight of newly transformed pupae, b is the slope, and a the intercept. Exhaustive search yielded 71 fecundity-maternal pupal weight relations for 41 capital breeders in 15 families, 58 of which, including 2 previously unpublished, were based on individual specimens, and 13 on grouped specimens. In 22 individual-specimen relations, cohorts divided into 2 or more subgroups were reared simultaneously at different temperatures, on different diets, or exposed to other extrinsic factors. These 22 'multiform' relations were compared with 36 'uniform' relations, and where possible cohort subgroups were compared. Pupal weights of cohort subgroups were affected much oftener than underlying slopes and intercepts. Individual-specimen slopes based on transformed data ranged 0.52-2.09 with a mean and standard error of 1.13±0.04, and slopes did not differ significantly among perfect, imperfect, multiform, and uniform categories. Despite the evident similarity, one relation does not apply to all capital breeders. Tradeoffs sometimes occur between fecundity, F, and mean egg weight, E. Reaction norms of fecundity and pupal weight across extrinsic-factor ranges were overwhelmingly congruent, which supports axiomatic status for the dependence of fecundity on capital-breeder maternal size. Cooler rearing temperatures usually produced heavier female pupae and greater fecundities, a phenomenon of population dynamics interest. The two sides of practically all fecundity-maternal weight regressions are not statistically independent, in effect stating F = b(W + [F × E]) + a, which artificially inflates test statistics. Where desirable, the fully independent relation R = b(W - [F × E]) + a can be used, where R is reproductive bulk, the mathematical product of F × E."

10aCAPITAL-BREEDING10aFECUNDITY10aFOODPLANT ASSIMILATION10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPHYSIOLOGY10aPOPULATION BIOLOGY10aPUPAL WEIGHT1 aMiller, W.E. uhttps://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/2000s/2005/2005(3)143-Miller.pdf02175nas a2200241 4500008004100000024001700041245012100058210006900179260000900248300001000257490000700267520142900274653001401703653001501717653001601732653001201748653002701760653001501787653001401802100001901816700001701835856008101852 2007 eng d aPapyrus 795300aIntraspecific body size variation in Macrolepidoptera as related to altitude of capture site and seasonal generation0 aIntraspecific body size variation in Macrolepidoptera as related c2007 a72-770 v613 a

"As a proxy for body size, forewing lengths of individual geometrids and noctuids were measured with respect to altitude of capture site in five species in North Carolina and one in Costa Rica. Number of specimens ranged 48–373 per species, number of capture sites 2–15 per species, and site altitudes ranged 2–2209 m. Forewing length in all six species increased significantly with increasing altitude at rates of ≈ 0.3–≈ 1.1 mm/500 m. These relations held where investigated for both first and second annual generations and for both sexes even though second-generation individuals were smaller-bodied. Thus examples of Geometridae and Noctuidae are added to a list mainly of micromoths previously known to exhibit positive size–altitude relations. Some adaptive and nonadaptive body-size hypotheses are discussed as possible explanatory factors, but thus far no explanation is fully satisfactory. In contrast to measurement results in these six macromoths, other moths known to be widely dispersive appeared to display flat size–altitude relations, and published butterfly size–altitude data varied irregularly. Degree of dispersiveness is hypothesized as a condition to the manifestation of size–altitude phenomena in lepidopterans. Many more minimally dispersive moths will likely be found to increase in body size with increasing altitude."

10aBODY SIZE10aDISPERSION10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPAONIAS10aSIZE-ALTITUDE RELATION10aSPHINGIDAE10aWORLDMAP11 aSullivan, J.B.1 aMiller, W.E. uhttps://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/2000s/2007/2007(2)72-Sullivan.pdf00567nas a2200181 4500008004100000024001700041245006900058210006700127260000900194300001000203490000700213653002100220653001400241653001500255653001600270100001700286856008200303 1997 eng d aPapyrus 463200aBody weight as related to wing measure in hawkmoths (Sphingidae)0 aBody weight as related to wing measure in hawkmoths Sphingidae c1997 a91-920 v5110aADULT MORPHOLOGY10aBODY SIZE10aSPHINGIDAE10aWING LENGTH1 aMiller, W.E. uhttps://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1997/1997-51(1)91-Miller.pdf00607nas a2200193 4500008004100000024001700041245007100058210006900129260000900198300000900207490000700216653002100223653002600244653001600270653001400286653001500300100001700315856008100332 1997 eng d aPapyrus 463100aDiversity and evolution of tongue length in hawkmoths (Sphingidae)0 aDiversity and evolution of tongue length in hawkmoths Sphingidae c1997 a9-310 v5110aADULT MORPHOLOGY10aFOODPLANT SPECIFICITY10aPOLLINATION10aPROBOSCIS10aSPHINGIDAE1 aMiller, W.E. uhttps://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1990s/1997/1997-51(1)9-Miller.pdf