01581nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001200200300001200212490000800224520093500232653001501167653001701182653001401199653001501213653001501228653001101243100001801254700001501272700001501287856004901302 2006 eng d00aThe relative importance of olfaction and vision in a diurnal and a nocturnal hawkmoth0 arelative importance of olfaction and vision in a diurnal and a n c12/2006 a431-4370 v1923 a

"Nectar-feeding animals can use vision and olfaction to find rewarding flowers and different species may give different weight to the two sensory modalities. We have studied how a diurnal or nocturnal lifestyle affects the weight given to vision and olfaction. We tested naïve hawkmoths of two species in a wind tunnel, presenting an odour source and a visual stimulus. Although the two species belong to the same subfamily of sphingids, the Macroglossinae, their behaviour was quite different. The nocturnal Deilephila elpenor responded preferably to the odour while the diurnal Macroglossum stellatarum strongly favoured the visual stimulus. Since a nocturnal lifestyle is ancestral for sphingids, the diurnal species, M. stellatarum, has evolved from nocturnal moths that primarily used olfaction. During bright daylight visual cues may have became more important than odour."

10aDEILEPHILA10aMACROGLOSSUM10aOLFACTION10aPHYSIOLOGY10aSPHINGIDAE10aVISION1 aBalkenius, A.1 aRosén, W.1 aKelber, A. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2289401892nas a2200205 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001200226490000800238520125600246653001301502653001701515653002401532653002701556653001501583653001101598100001301609700001501622856004901637 1998 eng d00aVisual position stabilization in the hummingbird hawk moth, Macroglossum stellatarum L. I. Behavioural analysis0 aVisual position stabilization in the hummingbird hawk moth Macro a225-2370 v1823 a

"Optomotor responses of freely flying hawk moths, Macroglossum stellatarum, were characterized while the animals were hovering in front of and feeding on a dummy flower. Compensatory translational and rotational movements of the hawk moth were elicited by vertical grating patterns moving horizontally, mimicking imposed rotational and translational displacements of the animal in the horizontal plane. Oscillatory translational and rotational pattern motion leads to compensatory responses that peak in the frequency range between 2 Hz and 4 Hz. The control systems mediating the translational and rotational components of the optomotor response do not seem to influence each other. The system mediating translational responses is more sensitive in the fronto-lateral part of the visual field than in the lateral part; the opposite is true for the rotational system. The sensitivity of the translational system does not change along the vertical, whereas the rotational system is much more sensitive to motion in the dorsal than in the ventral part of the visual field. These sensitivity gradients may reflect an adaptation to the specific requirements of position stabilization in front of flowers during feeding."

10aHOVERING10aMACROGLOSSUM10aOPTOMOTOR BEHAVIOUR10aPOSITION STABILIZATION10aSPHINGIDAE10aVISION1 aKern, R.1 aVarjú, D. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2148802642nas a2200313 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142300001100211490000800222520180000230653001002030653001402040653001402054653001302068653002502081653001502106653001102121653001502132653001602147653001402163653001302177653001902190653001102209100001502220700001502235700001602250700001302266856004902279 1999 eng d00aFundamental differences in the optical structure of the eyes of nocturnal and diurnal mosquitoes0 aFundamental differences in the optical structure of the eyes of  a91-1030 v1853 a

"We have studied the anatomy and optics of the eyes of a range of mosquito species from the wholly dark-active blood-feeding Anopheles gambiae to the diurnal plant-feeder Toxorhynchites brevipalpis. Consistent with studies by Satô in the 1950s, we find that dark-active and crepuscular species have short fused rhabdoms with a conical construction. This maximises the amount of light the rhabdoms receive from the almost hemispherical wide-aperture lenses.  Toxorhynchites, on the other hand, has long narrow rhabdomeres that are separated from each other over their entire length, and so resemble the open rhabdoms of advanced flies (Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha). These findings are confirmed by studies of the pseudopupil, whose form indicates the layout of the rhabdomere tips in the focal plane of each ommatidial lens. In anopheline species the pseudopupil is a single undivided ellipse, indicating a fused rhabdom structure, whereas in Toxorhynchites there is a ring of six outer elements surrounding a central one. This means that each rhabdomere views a separate direction in space, and our measurements indicate that, as in higher Diptera, adjacent rhabdomeres share their fields of view with one of the rhabdomeres in the immediately adjacent ommatidia. This in turn means that in the diurnal type of mosquito eye there is a basis for neural superposition, but the fused construction of anopheline rhabdoms precludes this. The Aedes species studied were similar to Anopheles but with lenses of less extreme aperture, and Sabethes cyaneus, a diurnal blood-feeder, was intermediate in structure, with fused conical rhabdoms in the centre of the eye and unfused
rhabdomeres around the periphery."

10aAEDES10aANOPHELES10aCULICIDAE10aCULISETA10aNEURAL SUPERPOSITION10aOMMATIDIUM10aOPTICS10aPHYSIOLOGY10aPSEUDOPUPIL10aRHABDOMES10aSABETHES10aTOXORHYNCHITES10aVISION1 aLand, M.F.1 aGibson, G.1 aHorwood, J.1 aZeil, J. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2148601637nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126300001200195490000800207520109800215653001801313653001701331653001501348653001101363100001501374700001701389856004901406 1999 eng d00aTrichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum0 aTrichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth Macroglos a535-5410 v1843 a

"Hymenopterans have long been shown to choose colours by means of the spectral distribution and independently of the intensity (true colour vision). The same ability has only very recently been proven for two butterfly species. We present evidence for the existence of true colour vision in the European hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum. Moths were trained in dual-choice situations to spectral lights of a rewarding and an unrewarding wavelength. After training, unrewarded tests were performed during which the intensities of the lights were changed. The results confirm that the species has three spectral receptor types and uses true colour vision when learning the colour of a food source. If colour vision is not possible since only one receptor type is receiving input from both stimuli, the moths learn to associate some achromatic cue correlated to the receptor quantum catch, with the reward. The moths learn spectral cues rapidly and choose correctly after one to several rewarded visits even when trained to different colours in sequence."

10aCOLOUR VISION10aMACROGLOSSUM10aSPHINGIDAE10aVISION1 aKelber, A.1 aHénique, U. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2131401384nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149300001200218490000800230520084800238653001801086653001501104653001401119653001501133100001701148856004901165 1979 eng d00aColour discrimination in dim light: an analysis of the photoreceptor arrangement in the moth Deilephila0 aColour discrimination in dim light an analysis of the photorecep a257-2670 v1293 a

"Visual pigment absorption and spectral sensitivity are calculated for a model rhabdom based on the Deilephila rhabdom. The effect of different sky light intensity spectra on absorption and spectral sensitivity is examined, and the importance of the receptor arrangement for colour vision discussed. The quality of colour perception which can be expected for such an eye is estimated. The calculations reveal, firstly, a balance between the spectral bandwidths of rhodopsin absorption spectra and the distances between their maxima, which is of great significance with respect to colour vision. Secondly, they show that the quality of colour discrimination for dim light, at luminance levels between 0.1 and 10 cd/m2, is comparable to the performance of the human eye at much higher levels of luminance."

10aCOLOUR VISION10aDEILEPHILA10aRHODOPSIN10aSPHINGIDAE1 aSchlecht, P. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2131201629nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115300001200184490000700196520107700203653001801280653001501298653001401313653001501327653001101342100001701353700001601370856004901386 1973 eng d00aThree visual pigments in Deilephila elpenor (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)0 aThree visual pigments in Deilephila elpenor Lepidoptera Sphingid a215-2290 v863 a

"Selective irradiation of digitonin extracts (pH 6.1) from dark-adapted eyes of the Sphingid moth Deilephila elpenor revealed three visual pigments with λmax at about 345, 440 and 520 nm. From the reaction of the chromophoric group with hydroxylamine it is concluded that these pigments are based on retinaldehyde, and therefore can be classed with rhodopsins. At −15 °C, each of the rhodopsins can completely (P 520) or partially (P 440 and P 345) be converted by light to acid metarhodopsin absorbing maximally at 480 ± 10 nm, which decay at room temperature to retinaldehyde and protein moiety. Spectrophotometric measurements on isolated retinae (pH 7.4) indicate that the metarhodopsins, in contrast to the findings on extracts, are thermostable in the photoreceptor membrane at room temperature. The results are compared with electrophysiological and microspectrophotometrical data. The different properties of the metarhodopsins in detergent solution and in the isolated retina are discussed."

10aCOLOUR VISION10aDEILEPHILA10aRHODOPSIN10aSPHINGIDAE10aVISION1 aSchwemer, J.1 aPaulsen, R. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2131102195nas a2200217 4500008004100000024001700041245015800058210006900216260000900285300001200294490000800306520149500314653001201809653001201821653001901833653001501852653002001867100001501887700001801902856005701920 1993 eng d aPapyrus 332300aProprioceptive activity of the wing-hinge stretch receptor in Manduca sexta and other atympanate moths: a study of the noctuoid moth ear B cell homologue0 aProprioceptive activity of the winghinge stretch receptor in Man c1993 a301-3070 v1733 a

"A multiterminal neurone, recently identified at the wing-hinge of the atympanate moth Manduca sexta, is shown to respond as a proprioceptor monitoring elevatory movements of the hind wing. Extracellular recordings from the individual receptor axon confirm this cell to be the source of the spontaneous and regular discharge observed in previous recordings of peripheral nerve 3N1b1. When the wing is raised, this tonic discharge rate increases proportionally with the angle of elevation. When the wing is displaced sinusoidally at a low frequency, the receptor discharge is modulated throughout the wing beat, increasing steadily to a maximum at the top of the upstroke, then slowly decreasing to a minimum at the bottom of the downstroke. At higher wing-beat frequencies, a phasic burst of activity occurs near the top of the upstroke, followed by a silent period during the down-stroke. Video-microscopic observations of the wing-hinge during active, stationary flight suggest that the receptor is stimulated by the stretching of its peripheral attachment, the subalar membrane. Stretch receptor sensitivity to wing movement is demonstrated in representatives of 4 lepidopteran families, suggesting that the proprioceptive response is widespread among the Lepidoptera. The functional role of the wing-hinge receptor, and its proposed homologous relationship to both the B cell of the noctuoid moth ear, and the locust wing-hinge stretch receptor are discussed."

10aANATOMY10aMANDUCA10aNERVOUS SYSTEM10aSPHINGIDAE10aTYMPANAL ORGANS1 aYack, J.E.1 aFullard, J.H. uhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00212694