02616nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009200041210007100133300001400204490000700218520195800225653001402183653000902197653001502206653001502221653001402236653001502250653002302265653001502288100001502303700001902318856004902337 2019 eng d00aSpecies‐specific strategies increase unpredictability of escape flight in eared moths0 aSpecies‐specific strategies increase unpredictability of escape  a1674-16830 v333 a

"1. Many prey species overlap in time and space and are hunted by the same predators. A common anti‐predator behaviour is using evasive manoeuvres to escape an attacking predator. The escape‐tactic diversity hypothesis postulates that species‐specific differences in evasive behaviour will increase the overall unpredictability experienced by predators within a predator–prey community. Evolutionary, escape‐tactic diversity would be driven by the enhanced predator protection for each prey individual in the community. However, escape‐tactic diversity could also be a functional consequence of morphological differences that correlate with evasive capabilities.
2. Echolocating bats and eared moths are a textbook example of predator–prey interactions. Moths exhibit evasive flight with diverse tactics; however, the variability of their evasive flight within and between species and individuals has never been quantified systematically. In addition, moth species show variation in size, which correlates with their flight capability.
3. We recorded flight strength during tethered flight of eight sympatric moth species in response to the same level of simulated bat predation. Our method allowed us to record kinematic parameters that are correlated with evasive flight in a controlled way to investigate species‐specific differences in escape tactics.
4. We show species‐specific and size‐independent differences in both overall flight strength and change of flight strength over time, supporting the escape‐tactic diversity hypothesis for eared moths. Additionally, we show strong interindividual differences in evasive flight within some species. This diversity in escape tactic between eared moths increases the overall unpredictability of evasive flight experienced by bat predators, likely providing increased protection against predatory bats for the single individual."

10aACOUSTICS10aBATS10aDEILEPHILA10aKINEMATICS10aNOCTUIDAE10aPHYSIOLOGY10aPREDATOR AVOIDANCE10aSPHINGIDAE1 aHügel, T.1 aGoerlitz, H.R. uhttps://sphingidae.myspecies.info/node/2204601943nas a2200289 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260001200199300001200211490000700223520116300230653002001393653001401413653002601427653001601453653000901469653001501478653001501493653001201508653001501520653001301535100001701548700001401565700001501579700001701594856004201611 2019 eng d00aRearing Theretra oldenlandiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) larvae on an artificial diet0 aRearing Theretra oldenlandiae Lepidoptera Sphingidae larvae on a c05/2019 a10; 1-50 v193 a

"The hawk moth Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius) is an important insect pest because in the larval stage it feeds on agricultural crops and ornamental plants such as the eddoe and garden balsam. In this study, we established methods for rearing T. oldenlandiae in the laboratory using an artificial diet containing dry powder of a wild grass Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. Several artificial diets were tested with different ratios of a commercial diet, Insecta LFM, and the dry leaf powder, and including different antibiotics, and the composition of the standard diet on which larvae performed best was determined. The standard diet contains 20 g of Insecta LFM, 4 g of leaf powder, 100 ml of water, 75 mg of chloramphenicol, and 200 μl of propionic acid. Larvae reared on the standard diet became larger pupae than those reared on C. japonica leaves. This result suggests that the larvae have growth potential that is masked on C. japonica leaves, and that C. japonica may not be the most suitable host species for T. oldenlandiae larvae in terms of nutrient level."

10aARTIFICIAL DIET10aFOODPLANT10aFOODPLANT SPECIFICITY10aPARASITOIDS10aPEST10aPHYSIOLOGY10aSPHINGIDAE10aSTURMIA10aTACHINIDAE10aTHERETRA1 aNagamine, K.1 aHojoh, K.1 aNagata, S.1 aShintani, Y. uhttps://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez043